Do Black Holes have infinite Gravity Well?

Do Black Holes have infinite Gravity Well?

KRS Sri Murthy

A black hole is formed by the collapse of a star after it burns out all its hydrogen that produced energy, or just enough to create an imbalance between the inward gravitational energy and the outward force energy produced while the star is burning. The size of the black hole depends on the total mass that has collapsed. When a black hole is formed, the mass density of the burnt out star abruptly increases, as the black hole is extremely small compared to the star before the collapse.

The black hole wanders off in space owing to the gravitational attraction from different other super massive objects like other black holes of larger size. On its path the black hole would devour all matter it comes across. By accumulating mass in time, the black hole becomes larger and larger.

It is a tug of war between black holes, with the larger black holes devouring the smaller ones continuously gathering mass. When two black holes of comparable size and mass density meet each other, they start circling each other, resulting from the torque that creates rotation or circling of the two black holes around the common center of gravity. They behave like a rotating dumbbell, except that this dumbbell is of black hole size mass. While this dance of the two peer-level black holes continue, they gradually approach each other, finally to merge creating a big gravitational wave. The LIGO and VIRGO laboratories recently detected the gravitational waves from such merger of black holes.

The Perfect Black Hole

The black holes do have such high gravitational force that they not only tear apart any matter that crosses its event horizon, and also even light. That is why the black holes are not visible. The gravity well model is one of a very deep and steep profile that suddenly plummets to its bottom. However, the gravity well is not infinitely deep. The center of the black hole is not a geometrical point, as it is made to believe in most research material and articles in the media. If a black hole would have an infinitely deep, and bottomless gravity well, it would strictly and instantly disappear from this universe, not just only black with extreme gravity enough to swallow any light crossing its event horizon. Another way to interpret an infinitely deep and steep gravity well subtended by a black hole is that the steepness and depth so much that the bottom end of the black hole would be smaller in size than a Planck’s scale. In addition, any object or light falling into such a hypothetical infinitely deep and steep will take less than the Planck’s time to fall in to the bottom of the Planck’s scale. Any black hole even slightly short of that Planck’s space and time scale is not a perfect black hole.

It is also important to note that black holes move or wander in space, thus creating a black hole size gravity valley. A black hole meeting the Planck scale test will only disappear from the universe and for any observer. Any black hole that moves fails the Planck’s scale test, as it creates a trace of a gravity valley, and surely will have dimensions not meeting the Planck’s test. Here, I have defined with characterization and test for what I term as a “Perfect Black Hole”.

I recommend creating a rating or grading schema for black holes, as to their mass, mass density, gravity well profile and gravity valley profile. After the observation of many black holes, a statistically significant number of the black holes, using LIGO, VIRGO and other laboratories to be constructed in the future, the rating scheme could be used, validated for the efficacy of the rating schema, and developing a statistical distribution with tables, charts and graphs.

The big bang was probably a perfect hole in another universe, that pierced into our universe.

Murthy’s Gravity Well Models for Galaxies

Murthy’s Gravity Well Models for Galaxies

KRS Sri Murthy

Galaxies we know are all discs in shape, with variations to like spiral galaxies, nebula of galaxies and nurseries of stars and galaxies. The different disc galaxies vary in size, the over all radii or diameters, the core part of the galaxy with densely populated stars, the fringe areas of galaxies with sparsely populated stars, the tear away parts in the outer most fringes of stars trying to escape the grip of the galaxy, and in some galaxies the galaxy trying to pull stars wandering in the fringes into its grip.

As we know, all the galaxies have very powerful black holes in their centers, which rotate around an axis, which axis would also become the axis of the galaxy, with the black hole also rotating the disc of the galaxy.

In the case of stars which are spherical, the gravity well may have different well shapes from a very sharp cone to a wider cone with a relatively rounded bottom and also sometimes wider well bottom, as opposed to sharp cone with a point in the bottom. Being symmetrical for spherical shaped objects like stars and even planets, the well will yield similar gravitational force profile for all objects approaching the star or planet or other gravitationally powerful objects from any direction.

As all objects in our universe, small, big and very large, and with all masses and mass densities, are all moving, and not still at all, both objects attracting and being attracted create a valley of their own with the moving gravity well. The gravity wells create the valleys which merge with the others. The valley of object with lower mass and mass density will ultimately join the deeper valley of the dominant object, thus becoming a single combined gravity well and in motion a single gravity valley.

The speed, direction of motion, linear momentum, angular momentum, spin and the direction of the spin play important parts in the gravity well and gravity valley interactions and interplay between two objects. In rare cases of three or more objects interacting and influencing with each other, multiple wells, and their respective valleys consecutively, and in result cumulatively, merge with each other finally resulting in one gravity well and the respective gravity valley. In cases of two or more objects with very high linear momentum and angular momentum counter acting with each other, the two or more objects may simply pass each other, never to merge, never their gravity wells and gravity valleys merging with each other. The only influence of the objects on each other is to change the course of the other object, in result both changing their course.

The shapes of the gravity well and gravity valley of disc shaped objects are different compared to spherical objects. The disc shaped objects like the galaxies will not have a symmetrical gravity well with symmetry in all three dimensions of space, but symmetrical in only two space dimensions and relatively flatter well shape, oblong elliptic well, or a well with high eccentricity in one dimension of space. The result of this eccentric gravity well shape is for different type of interactions for stars or other celestial objects approaching the galaxy in different directions. Stars and other objects approaching the disc shaped galaxies from the direction of the disc plane experiences the longer side of the eccentric gravity well. However, any star or other object approaching the disc shaped galaxy not from the side of the disc but perpendicular direction will experience a different profile of the gravitational force, one that is a result of the flatter side of the gravity well and gravity valley.

Let us consider two of the disc shaped galaxies colliding with each other. Both galaxies may approach each other in any of the direction of the 3D sphere. Assuming equal chances of the approach of the two galaxies in all direction of the 3D space, the chances that the two of the disc galaxies approach exactly along the long direction is very low. Therefore, the two oblong gravity wells may “cut each other”. Depending on the direction, speed, linear momentum, any potential angular momentum, spin and the direction of the spin, there are few possibilities. The disc shaped galaxies may cut each other pass across each other thus becoming modified in shape, sharing some of their stars with each other, an exchange or “trading” of their stars with the other galaxy. The details depend on the motion and approach characteristics of the disc galaxies. The shape of the two oblong gravity wells will mutually influence, thus both modified galaxies becoming disc galaxies of different content details than before their mutual impact.

We know that all galaxies have super massive black holes in their center. The super massive black holes hold billions of stars in their grip. The overall gravitational force of the galaxy is the combined gravitational force of the black hole at the center and also of the billions of stars. The gravity well profile of the galaxy is an oblong well shape as seen from objects approaching the galaxy from the disc side. Objects of the size of stars, small and big, would be absorbed in the outer ring, never to be able to see the gravity profile part of the gravity well at the inner rings of stars orbiting the center of the galaxy. 

Even the stars in the galaxy in different rings of stars orbiting the galaxy center will only experience different gravity profiles based on their local ring, their distance from the center and the number of ring of orbiting stars interior to them. Based on our current observations and understanding, the different rings of stars around the galaxy rotate at the same angular momentum, starting from the closest ring of stars to the center of the galaxy and the farthest ring of stars. Therefore, the gravity well subtended by the disc shaped galaxy, being elliptical and oblong, will be flat moving from the oblong end towards the center. This is because the stars in the different groups in rings orbiting the center of the galaxy seem to orbit in unison, or as a whole group, with no drift from the edge to the center.

Murthy's Big Bang Models with different Assumptions

Murthy's Big Bang Models with different Assumptions

Assumptions

1. Our universe began with a big bang.
2. We do not know what existed before the big bang.
3. Both 3D space and time started with the big bang.
4. Planck’s limit for time and space applies, so that we do not know and will never be able to know anything before 10 to the power of minus 43 seconds and within a space of big bang expansion less than 10 to the power of minus 35 meters; all of these limits are due to the speed limit of light of 300 kilometers per second.

At the moment of the Big Bang

As soon as the big bang event, and above the Planck’s limit, the primordial elementary particles and including the light photons, were in a thick soup, the utmost thickness of the primordial soup limiting even the light photons from escaping out and away from the soup. The light photons were not light waves, but only particles. It required the 3D space to expand to a critical size, and the photons to not be limited by the mean free path of its collision with other photons and other primordial particles tightly embedded in the primordial soup.

What were the primordial elementary particles?

Following options will be discussed:

Quarks:

1. Protons or neutrons were not created at the big bang.
2. Only quarks were created at the big bang.
3. The neutrons were assembled out of the quarks.
4. Neutrons were created first which decayed to produce the protons and electrons.
5. Even the electrons were not created at the big bang.
6. Electrons were created as by-products when neutrons decayed to protons.
7. As neutrons do not have any charge, the decay of the neutrons was also the time of creation of the positive charge of the protons and the complementary negative charge of the electrons.
8. At the very moment of the big bang, the primordial universe did not have any charge.
9. Role and Importance of the Creation of the Electric Charges in the Universe:

As I will explain later in this document and have many times mentioned in my various writings, the charge is vital to the character of our universe; both positive and negative charges “run our universe”, also vital to the interaction of the photons and the wave version of the light. Electricity and magnetism are a result of the positive and negative charges, as is also critical to the electromagnetic waves, the electric and magnetic fields working in tandem when light and other electromagnetic waves travel. In other words, the decay of neutrons in the dawn of the big bang universe creates the “heartbeat” of the universe which are the electromagnetic waves, an interplay between the electric and magnetic fields, many time released by the electrons when the electrons jump from one energy state to a lower energy state. The electron is both the absorber and releaser of electromagnetic waves, including the energy from light wave, to be released back in the form of electromagnetic waves in one step as the elastic interaction or two steps in the elastic interaction.
10. The big bang energy was so enormous that the weak gravitational attractive forces between the primordial particles were not able to hold each other. With the absence of any charge in the primordial particle soup of quarks and the neutrons that were formed by the combining of the quarks, the expansion of the primordial space and the particles contents happened, thus creating space between the particles, opportunity for the photons to escape to form the electromagnetic waves.
11. When the decay of neutrons gave rise to protons and electrons, thus positive and negative charges, the universe was ready for the formation of the first atoms, those of hydrogen atom; the universe was poised for the hydrogen cloud. Over time with the accelerated expansion of the space in the universe, with the simultaneous increase in the mean free path of the particles in the universe, all or most of the neutrons decayed to form a large number of hydrogen atoms, free to roam around in the form of hydrogen cloud.
12. I have explained in my articles on stellar evolution the different sequential phases from the electronic clouds, nucleation phase, protostar phase, star formation, creation or concoction of helium and other elements

.