True Nature of a Rays of Light KRS Murthy

True Nature of a Rays of Light

KRS Murthy

I will explain the true nature of light in this document. I will start by a quiz like introduction to tease and titilate your mind. I will also give you the answer for each simple quiz.

1. Quiz: When you see a white light why is the color white? What is the true nature of the light you are seeing?
   Answer and Explanation: The true nature of light is an electromagnetic pulsations traveling in the direction of the light ray. The rays do not really have any color; they are just electromagnetic in pulsations traveling very fast slightly lower in speed than the light propogation in free space, which is a space that offers no encumberance to the light propogation.
   Sensation of the white light is a combined perception of the different wavelengths when all are present in given respective proportions.
2. Quiz: Why do we see the color of light as white or other VIBGYOR colors?
   Answer and Explanation: The color is the experience in the brain, true for humans and all animals, though the animals have limited power to distinguish the colors of light and the white compared to humans. The lens in the human eye, the different receptors for different wavelengths of light plus the brain provide the sensations of the different colors corresponding to the wavelengths and the combined effect of a white light. Truly, the color and light perceptions as we have is exclusively human sight mechanism. As such the colors we perceive and have named them are simply electromgnetic pulsations of light of different wavelengths.
3. Quiz: What are the rays of light carrying or propogating?
   Answers and Explanations:
   1. Scenario 1: Successive rays of light continuously following and racing behind one another may have different and changing wavelengths. If one pulsation has a given energy, with corresponding wavelength and frequency, the successive pulsations following behind may not have the same energy, wavelength and frequency. The successive pulsations in a given period may over all contain the different wavelengths, and may be proportionately spread to give the perception of white light. Human eye and the brain have a total delay in perceiving the combined effect of the electromagnetic pulsations. The delay amounts to many pulsations incident on the eye per second. In addition, our eye can not perceive a singly ray of light, but combined perception of many rays paassing through our eyes in a unit cross section.

The rays falling in a unit cross section on any object seen by the eye is the scattered rays and not the light incident on the object. Our eye sees white light only if all wavelengths of light totally making up the equivalent of the white light in the right perseption is scattered back from the object and the scattered rays of light is further incident on our eyes.

The scattered light composition of wavelengths depends on the composition of wavelengths of the light incident on the object. As an example if only the wavelength correspending to only one or few colors are present in the light incident on the object, only those colors would be scattered and falling on our eyes. In summary, the perceived color or a combination effect of the colors is dependent on the wavelengths incident on the object and further scattered in the direction of our eye, plus the scattering characteristics of the surface of the object.

Scenario 2: Another scenario is that a ray of light carries pulsations of only one wavelength, including all the different electromagnetic pulsations following one another in the path of a given ray of light. However, in a unit cross section, many rays passing through and propagating may over all have full combination of the spectrum of light corresponding to white light.

For both scenarios 1 and 2, a single ray of light or a combination of rays of light propagating, the propagation history of each ray of light or the combination of the rays of light, starting from the light source or sources, the radiation characteristics of the light source or sources, charecteristics of the propagating medium, the charecteristics of the different particles or objects in the path affect the ray or a group of rays of light, regarding the different rays of light in the group of rays in terms of the wavelengths and the intensity of light. The intensity of light depends on the number of rays passing through a unit cross section. Thus both the wavelengths and combinations of wavelengths and also the intensity depends on light source or sources and the propagation history.

Incorrect or Inconsistent Scientific Interpretations KRS Murthy

Incorrect or Inconsistent Scientific Interpretations

KRS Murthy

1. Most of the scientists who have discovered, and those who have interpreted the phenomena, have made many wrong assumptions, some with lack of understanding of the real nature of light, whereas others for the convenience of simplicity. The electrons in the atoms have been assumed to be at rest, instead of the reality that no electron is at rest, and has never been at rest.
2. They have considered light as a photon some times, and interchangeably considered it as a wave, with no consideration to be consistent, at least based on the situation.
3. The molecular structure, its activity states, vibrational states, rotational states, and intermolecular activities should be broken down to the constituent activities and states in terms of the different atoms, the different electrons of the different atoms, shared activity of the electrons between neighboring atoms.
4. The freedom or lack of any freedom for the electrons as it is bound to the nucleus and the other atoms in the same atom is not even properly considered in most of the analyses and interpretation of the physics behind the activities and interaction of the electrons with, for example light, or other elementary particle of nature.
5. Many scientists are hiding behind mathematics as a shield, back up with no ability to understand or provide as a backup the physical interpretation of the mathematical terms, mathematical expressions and equations of the different steps of derivation and assumptions of the components of the mathematical independent and dependent variables.
6. Diagrammatic presentations, cartoon versions of explanations of physics, graphs and charts have been either misleading or incorrect. For example, many text books, teacher and student notes, research papers, lecture notes present and interpretations show or depict the electromagnetic wave form of light as if it travels like the waves in an ocean or a pond.

Elastic and Inelastic Scattering possible in Full Electromagnetic Spectrum

Elastic and Inelastic Scattering possible in Full Electromagnetic Spectrum

by KRS Murthy

Both elastic and inelastic scattering have been discovered, observed in repeated experiments by many scientists. Many industrial and consumer applications have been found for the elastic and inelastic scattering. However, all these have been limited to only visible light and x-rays.

I postulate that we will be able to discover elastic scattering, and especially inelastic scattering in the full electromagnetic spectrum. Scattering happens when the wavelengths of light, or any part of the electromagnetic spectrum, are comparable to the size of the particles for field interactions to happen. The ratio of the size of the particle, measured or defined in terms of its radius, to the incident wavelength of light determines the probability of field interaction between the light and the particle. In addition, the binding of the electron to the atom, and in an extended bonding relationship with other atoms in a molecule, or a chain of molecules. Every part of the electromagnetic spectrum can be scattered by the right particle, with the right field interaction with one or more electrons or other charged particles, and in an extended relationship with in a larger structure, molecule, chain of molecule or matter that has an effective charge and charge field best suited to interact with the incident electromagnetic wave.

For example, the electron is strongly bond in a carbon atom its nucleus. In graphene, for example, the different carbon atoms are strongly bound, in the hexagonal bond, A diamond has similar, and also a three dimensional bond. That is why diamond can be cut or sliced only by another diamond.

Raman scattering, which is an inelastic scattering, applies to molecules, with scattering happening by incident light interacting with vibrational and rotational modes of the molecules. While in vibration or rotation, the molecules with electric fields would be receptive to interact with the electric and magnetic field pulsations of a ray of light. During the field interaction, the light rays donates a quantum of energy to one or more of the electrons in the different atoms making up the molecule. As the electrons during the field interactions with the rays of light are perturbed. After receiving the energy quantum, the electrons move up in its energy state, from what it was before the field interaction. It is also important to note and understand that the electrons would orbiting around a nucleus, or being a member of the molecule, more so than just an electron in an atom. The electron would be shared between two atoms in its orbiting activity, thus binding the two atoms. The vibrational mode comes from the electrons orbiting and simultaneously tugging the nuclei that the electrons belong. The nuclei respond to the tugging by the electron by oscillating, even though very slightly, due to its proportionately larger mass. In addition to this mode of vibration, the
nuclei and the whole atom experience phonon vibrations due to the temperature and pressure. The phonon vibrations are basically compressions and expansions in the nuclei to nuclei, also atom to atom bond, between the neighboring atoms in the bond, the bond being a manifestation of the shared electron relationships,

The rotations of molecule is due to the bonds between two atoms, being at an angle (in three dimensional degrees of freedom) to the other bonds between another set of neighboring atoms. The angle between the atom to atom bonds creates a torque. The torque gives rise to rotation.

Even though the incident ray of light perturbs the electrons motion in its angular momentum and spin, the ray of light really perturbs the atoms to which the electron belongs, and in turn the whole molecule to which extended bond family the affected electron belongs.

In these inelastic interactions, repeated incidence of many successive rays of light in one or overall many successive field interactions with electrons, most of the times on the average in a short duration impacting the molecules vibration and rotation. Effectively, the rays of light would have perturbed many electrons, thus perturbing many atoms, part of a molecular family. The successive quanta of energy donated by the successive incidence of the rays of light indirectly result in the energy perturbation of the whole molecule.

In the case of inelastic scattering, the energy donated raises the energy state of the molecules, from a pre-incidence of light state that may be the prevailing ground state to a higher vibrational and rotational combination of energy state, only to eventually fall back to the ground state. The medium may have different and diverse molecules making up the medium. Depending on the different molecules of different structures and their response to the incident light, all molecules behave very differently from each other. In addition, the relative concentrations of the different molecules with different characteristic structures in the medium yield different levels of scattering.

Some molecules may scatter more than the others. Overall response of the different molecules will have peaks at different wavelengths. Therefore, many of the scattering modes are basically based and are used in applications based on the intensity of the scattered light at their characteristic wavelengths to determine the composition of the medium.

For example, Raman scattering is very weak. In all applications of Raman scattering, lasers are used for light source, as otherwise the weak Raman scattering will not be practical in the industry. Basically in application of Raman scattering the medium under test is bombarded with laser, which has high intensity, or in other words significantly high number of light rays per unit cross section. 

Rayleigh Scattering - Murthy's Interpretation

Rayleigh Scattering - Murthy's Interpretation

This type of scattering is elastic in nature. This scattering of light by molecules and particulate matter is characterized by their size much smaller than the wavelength of incident light. When light penetrates gaseous, liquid, or solid phases of matter, the result is Rayleigh scattering. Rayleigh scattering intensity has a very strong dependence on the size of the particles. It is proportional to the third power of the diameter of the particle. It is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength of light. Shorter wavelengths in visible white light (violet and blue) are scattered stronger than the longer wavelengths toward the red end of the visible spectrum. This type of scattering is therefore responsible for the blue color of the sky during the day. Orange colors during sunrise and sunset are also due to the Rayleigh scattering. Rayleigh scattering is the main cause of signal loss in optical fibers. The elastic nature of scattering results in no change from incident light wavelength.

With no change in the wavelength as a result of the elastic nature of Rayleigh scattering, only intensity is higher for larger particles, with 3^rd power proportionality; 3^rd power comes from the cross sectional value of the average incidence of the different rays of light that make up the intensity value. The spheroidal nature of the particles, or approximated to a spheroid, is averaged for all the particles in a unit cross section for the different rays of light, as the intensity of the incident light is scattered more for a dense medium with more particles in unit volume. Only a part of the incident light is scattered, with the remaining part passing through unaffected by the particles.

The Gap in Rayleigh Scattering Research, Understanding and the Equation

It is also important to note and understand that the particles in the medium scattering the incident light are not static, but move around in all three freedoms of directions. The movement of the particles depends on the temperature and pressure, as much as the wind in the case of atmosphere. Atmosphere will also have temperature, pressure and wind gradients in three dimensions. These affect the Rayleigh scattering equation, not explored, discussed or accounted for by scientists doing research in Rayleigh scattering.

Cause for the Elasticity of Rayleigh Scattering

I am explaining here the root cause for elasticity in Rayleigh scattering. Firstly, the particles are much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light in the conditions of Rayleigh scattering. The electron orbits are also much smaller than the wavelengths. The very size and the electric charge fields of the electrons are miniscule compared to the incident light wavelengths. Wavelength is basically and fundamentally the distance travelled by the light ray between successive crests or successive troughs of the electric and magnetic fields of the light. Therefore, there is no field interaction possible between the ray of light and the orbiting electron, meaning no change in wavelength or frequency. No energy quantum transfer from the incident light to the electron means no change in energy of the incident light ray, also meaning no change in frequency or wavelength.

The incident light scatters away in all three dimensions, with its wavelength unaltered. As the particle size is small for the condition of Rayleigh scattering shorter wavelengths scatter more than the longer wavelengths. In Rayleigh scattering in earth's atmosphere blue is scattered much more than the longer wavelengths.

The sunlight arriving directly from the sun therefore appears to be slightly yellow while the light scattered through rest of the sky appears blue. During sunrises and sunsets, the Rayleigh scattering effect is much more noticeable due to the increased density of air and particles near the earth's surface through which sunlight passes.

In contrast, the water droplets which make up clouds are of a comparable size to the wavelengths in visible light, and the scattering is described by Mie's model rather than that of Rayleigh. Here, all wavelengths of visible light are scattered approximately identically and the clouds therefore appear to be white or grey.

Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of Light by KRS Murthy

Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of Light

KRS Murthy

What is Intensity of Light?

I have already discussed a “ray of light” as the most basic electromagnetic form of light. A beam of light is made up of many rays of light. The intensity of a beam of light depends and is proportional to the number of rays of light passing through a unit cross section. In other words. A beam of light will become less intense as it moves forward, due to different kind of losses, and more importantly dispersion that increases with the distance travelled by the beam made up of the rays of light. The number of rays of light in the beam in a unit cross section reduces, due to the spreading of the beam, in addition to other losses due to scattering by air or dust particles, and also absorption.

The Medium

Depending on the medium in which the beam of light is traversing, the index of diffraction plays a role in how the different wavelengths, and corresponding frequencies, of light. For example, in the visible light part of the electromagnetic spectrum, the smaller wavelengths (correspondingly higher frequencies) have relatively more energy. The violet rays have higher energy than indigo, which in turn relatively have higher energy than blue. Red has the least energy in the visible light part of the spectrum. Based on the energy, and the index of diffraction of the medium, the different colors of light travel at different speeds, and thus get separated from each other, in the temporal dimension.

When the index of the medium is 1, the light has zero diffraction. However, air also has index higher than 1, which depends on the number and type of particles of matter per unit area or volume, and the state of matter, in the air, lower with closer to unity and higher proportionately higher in the refractive index. In addition to the index, loss due to scattering and absorption. Keep in mind that the scattering of light by a particle depends on the size and composition of the particle, and also the angle of incident of light on the particle. Scattering can happen in all directions in the three dimensional space, with respect to the angle of incidence in the three dimensional space.

Scattering is Necessary in Nature

The most vital and essential nature of light is scattering, that enables us to see objects, near and far, and also distinguish the distances of different objects in our field of view, and similar for animals. If you see a beam of light coming through your windows and other openings on an easy Sunday morning, thank the dust particles in the air in your house. If you didn't know, most of the dust particles in your house, even when practically sealed tightly from outside dust to enter your house, are the dead cells on the skins of you body, of your coinhabitants, and animals. Off course, the animals shed their body hair also, as even the human beings, albeit to a lower extent.

Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of Light

To explain the difference between the elastic and inelastic scattering, let us take the analogy of a rubber ball bounced on the a flat even surface. When you bounce the ball it bounces back, even though with loss due friction, and few other physical loss. If the incident energy and momentum is same as the bouncing energy and momentum, it is elastic bouncing; in the case of scattering it is elastic scattering. If the returning energy is different, its is inelastic scattering.

When light is incident on a particle or a molecule, both elastic and inelastic scattering could happen, depending on the size and shape of the particle or molecule, current energy, vibrational, rotational and a variety of other static and dynamic properties of the particle or molecule.

Let us discuss different types of elastic and inelastic light scattering modes, first the general overview, followed by current understanding of the physics, and my interpretation going to the root of the basics and fundamentals of nature of light and its interaction with matter to include the elementary particles, electric and magnetic field interactions, and the way it affects at atomic and molecular levels.

It is also important to note and remember my explanation of intensity of incident light, compared to a single ray of light. Most of the scattering discoveries and their interpretation, as well as their engineering, technological, industrial and commercial applications are all based on the physical effects in terms of intensity, and not very much at individual ray of light detail.

My interpretation delves and dives into the interaction at individual ray level focused on interaction of individual light ray with elementary particles like the electrons, which play a pivotal and primary role in all interactions, effects, and behaviour in nature.

Fundamentals First: Nature of Light

Fundamentals First: Fundamentals of: Nature of Light

by KRS Murthy

 

Here are many diagrams incorrectly depicting the wave – particle duality of the nature of light

 

All researchers, their experimental set up, their experimental results, diagrams and cartoons, all interpretations of the waveform of light is consistently incorrect.

 

https://www.google.com/search?q=double+slit+experiment&biw=1366&bih=661&tbm=isch&imgil=TOcasuNZTez54M%253A%253BFBmPPICWI8E5cM%253Bhttps%25253A%25252F%25252Fen.wikipedia.org%25252Fwiki%25252FDouble-slit_experiment&source=iu&pf=m&fir=TOcasuNZTez54M%253A%252CFBmPPICWI8E5cM%252C_&usg=__ldOatT333q0Kcve2_WfX5qv6MN4%3D&ved=0ahUKEwj13KL0nYLKAhVC8WMKHcuADBEQyjcILw&ei=oBiDVvWMJcLijwPLgbKIAQ#tbm=isch&q=double+slit+experiment+gif&imgrc=_

 

Discussions by KRS Murthy

 

The researchers have consistently incorrectly understood and interpreted the wave nature of light in the form of electromagnetic waves as if the light travels like waves in water, in a pond or an ocean.

 

Let us use the word “ray or ray of light” to mean the electromagnetic wave form of light to represent the path the electromagnetic pulsations travel forward. The biggest confusion among most or many of the physicists, teachers of physics, including university professors, from the most reputed and celebrated universities to less well known universities, is in interpreting in pictures or cartoons and also in graphical forms. The very word “wave” seems to have created worldwide confusions and misunderstanding of the nature of light.

 

In graphical representations, in addition to the ocean wave like presentations, electric and magnetic field vectors are shown in graphical forms, with the two vectors perpendicular to each other, with that plane being perpendicular to the direction of light transmission.

 

Correct Interpretation by KRS Murthy:

Really, those two vectors should only mean to graphically represent the strength of the electric and magnetic fields. The fields are confined to a point, which is moving at the speed of light. The vectors should simply mean to represent the field pulsations for the electric and magnetic fields, as they are at the same time moving forward in the direction of light, again at the speed of light.

 

The perpendicularity of the two fields actually represents their mutual orthogonality; the two fields are not geometrically perpendicular to each other. The electric field is pulsating from zero to high (or its maximum) and back to zero, the magnetic field in temporal orthogonality is going from high (maximum) to zero. The two fields are centered on the same axis of the direction of the transmission of ray. Here the term “ray” only represents the direction of light traversal. The frequency of the pulsation of the electric and magnetic fields, in temporal orthogonality to each other, is the represented by the equation E = hf, where E is the energy of the ray of light, h is the Plank’s constant and f is the frequency of the pulsation of the electric and magnetic orthogonal pair. It is important to note that the magnetic field exists, and pulsates, only because the electric field also pulsates; one of them would not exist without the other; both can’t be static, but should pulsate for light to exist and travel. In fact, the light is only a perception in the human eye, and of those animals with eyes, and the respective brains, with the true reality being electric and magnetic field pulsations, similar to other much broader electromagnetic spectrum to cover from radio, micro, infrared, through visible light, X-rays and beyond. The wavelength of light is in the nanometer range. Here the wavelength is the distance travelled by the electric and magnetic field pulsations from zero to high and back to zero.

 

It is also important to understand and realize that varying or pulsating electric field generates a pulsating magnetic field mutually orthogonally, which is mutually cause and effect to each other. Simple variations in electric field creates magnetic field; orthogonally simple variations in magnetic field creates electric field. Periodic pulsations are not necessary. In light, and the full spectrum of electromagnetic waves, the pulsations are periodic, with a respective full spectrum of frequencies and associated wavelengths.

I have used the words “wave” and “electromagnetic wave form of light” in documents only and exclusively to mean my correct interpretation, NOT as to mean waves in an ocean or a pond.

Murthy’s Interpretation on Different Types of Scattering

Murthy’s Interpretation on Different Types of Scattering

All interactions in nature are field interactions.  Charged particles in nature, due to their very nature of charge, have an electric field around them. As they move in space the field around the charged particle changes. The change in the electric field results in magnetic field, as the magnetic field is a symbiotic and conjoined twin of the changing electric field, except that the electric field and the magnetic field change in orthogonal relationship with each other. When the electric charge moves along a path or locus, the electric charge field increases from zero from its front, which is the direction of its movement, to a peak and reduce to zero at its tail point. Being orthogonal to the electric field, the magnetic field is zero when and at the point of the peak of the electric field, and goes to a peak when and at the same point when the electric field has gone from peak to zero. It is a push – pull relationship between the electric and magnetic fields.

This relationship explanation is true not only to the moving electric charge, and also to the light transmission. However, the charges particle may move much slower than the speed of light. If and when a charged particle moved faster and faster approaching the speed of light and ultimately reach the limit, it would have transformed into light.

The electron in an atom, orbiting around the nucleus, can gain a quantum of energy as it interacts with a ray of light incident on it. This quantum of energy results in an increased momentum in the electron. With this increased quantum of energy, in its resulting increased momentum pushes it to the higher orbit or a higher state of energy. It is important to understand that the interaction between the electromagnetic form of light and the electron is a field interaction. In this particular case, the field interaction happens at the intra-atomic scale or inside the atom. The light and the electron “do not touch each other”.

The different forms of scattering are only a result of this basic and fundamental field interaction. The different scattering and effects of light matter interactions are all effects of the light – electron interaction. Based on what the electron is doing in an atom, molecule, in solid, liquid, gas and their combinations in the matter the light - electron field interactions vary, and especially the quantum of energy donated by the light to the electron vary. For example, in a molecule made up of multiple atoms, the energy bond between the atoms is created by a shared electron between them. The shared electron has field relationship with the multiple atoms’ nucleus and the other non-shared electrons. The field relationship of the shared electron in its extended combined multiple atom family results in this energy bond. The quantum of energy required to alter this bond relationship status quo depends on the different atomic and molecular configuration in the matter, be it a solid, liquid or gas; be it a multi-phase like a colloidal mixture; be it a chain of molecules like a polymeric chain; be it a crystal; be it a metal; be it a nanowire or nano dot. It also depends on the temperature and pressure. The various semicolon separated I have given in the preceding sentence are only few of many possibilities. When the appropriate quantum of energy is donated by the incident light to the electron in this example, not only the electron receives this specific quantum of energy, the increased energy may have effect not only on the electron, but also its extended family relationship with other electrons, nuclei, the different atoms in the molecule, and also other molecules in the multiple molecules chain bigger family; the response and the result of the original light – electron field interaction is not only by the electron, but the whole extended family or even the bigger family of multiple entangled molecules. Not only the electron is entangled with in its atom host, it is entangled with other atoms sharing this electron, and the extended entanglement with the molecule or bigger family of multiple molecules.

Depending on the actual details of the primary, secondary and tertiary entanglement, different effects were discovered by various scientists in the last two to three centuries. The list of effects is very long. Therefore, I am listing only few here in this document, but will extend this list in the next few days.

Importance of KRS Murthy’s Contribution

While many discoveries have been made for the interaction of light with matter in different forms, and respective discoveries interpreted by various other scientists, further test variations and resulting corollary discoveries presented, none of the scientists have provided a unified approach to the large list of discoveries, from the basics of field interactions and the basic and fundamental interactions between the electron and incident electromagnetic radiation, like light, and the full spectrum of electromagnetic radiation.

My interpretation is that in all of nature all scattering and related effects, in all forms of matter, including the multi-phase, arise from the basic and fundamental nature of field interactions between the fundamental and elementary particles in the nature.

1. Rayleigh Scattering
2. Raman Scattering
3. Mei Scattering
4. Tyndall Scattering
5. Brillouin Scattering
6. Dynamic and Static Scattering
7. Elastic and Inelastic Scattering