Gravity Wells and Gravity Hills

Gravity Wells and Gravity Hills

KRS Murthy

Gravity Wells

In my previous blogs, I have discussed various behaviors and space - time properties of the gravity wells caused by different objects, from very tiny to the cosmic scale. The gravity wells of tiny objects have a shallow well, whereas the gravity wells of stellar, galactic, supergalactic scale objects are very deep, and the gravity wells of black holes being the deepest, so much so that it is almost bottomless. While dense objects have the very small circumference and area of gravity wells, those which are not so dense have wider gravity wells.

In fact, all objects in the universe, very tiny to very large, are always moving, with no exception. This is because all objects have their own gravity wells, yet traveling towards other objects which have relatively deeper gravity wells in their path. The larger and denser the object, the larger the number of relatively smaller objects it pulls and traps into its well. While the earth has only one moon falling into its gravity well, even when the earth itself is falling into the supermassive sun, along with other smaller and larger planets also falling into the gravity well of the sun.

At the scale of our galaxy Milky Way, billions of stars orbiting in their path towards and inside the gravity well of the giant black hole. All gravity wells are running towards to be trapped into falling in larger and deeper gravity wells. It is a universal scale phenomenon of gravity wells of all size merging into bigger and deeper gravity wells.

Gravity Wells inside other Larger Gravity Wells 
and further inside much Larger Gravity Wells

If an observer from outside would come into our galaxy, the observer would experience the welcome of the galactic scale gravity well. Once the observer is inside the Milky Way gravity well, it starts approaching in its path inside the Milky Way it experiences the welcome of the gravity wells of different extragalactic objects, and further inside towards different stars of different sizes, probably trapped into one star's gravity well, further only to be trapped towards a planet of that star, and even may reach one of the moons of the planet of the star. It is important to realize what the observer experiences starting from the largest galactic scale gravity well, further relatively smaller gravity wells, one gravity well hiding and holding smaller gravity wells. The observer experiences the doorway of many gravity wells, one inside the other, One doorway leads to another doorway.

Gravity Hills

In this blog, I will define, characterize and explain the opposite to gravity wells, which I call "gravity hills", which is caused by dark energy that creates new space between, especially galactic scale objects, in the time dimension. The reason I am separating the space dimension and the time dimension will be clear in the following description. The space that is created between galactic scale objects in the universe pushes the objects away from each other. This expansion of space accelerates resulting in the galactic scale objects moving away or running away from each other faster and faster in time. This could happen only if the dark energy also increases at an accelerated pace in the time dimension. The runaway speeds of the galactic scale objects ultimately reach and surpass the speed of light. The Hubble horizon is the horizon as observed by an observer on one of the runaway galactic object as it observes the other galactic scale objects that is running away. As light is the fastest to be observed originating from one object towards the other, the two running away galactic scale objects can not see each other once the runaway is faster than the speed of light. 

If gravity well creates the falling of the smaller object with a relatively shallower gravity well into the larger object with a deeper gravity well, the runaway of two galactic scale objects due to dark energy pushing both of them away from each other could be visualized as a gravity hill rising between the galactic scale objects pushing the space between them. The gravity hill being narrow at the top and gradually and progressively widening, in addition, the raising of the gravity hill accelerating its ascent in time. This is exactly in principle to gravitational force exerted by earth on an object falling towards earth with the acceleration of g. 

Mass of an Object Depends on the Gravity Well it Resides

KRS Murthy

Gravity is all pervasive. Every object, small to very large, veiled gravity on all objects around it, or is pulled towards other objects that have more mass. Gravity acts on the space – time fabric to create a “Gravity Well”. Every object in the universe, small to big, creates a gravity well in the space - time fabric and resides inside its gravity well at its depth and in the center. When the object moves, it drags its gravity well with it, If we draw a time diagram of its gravity well, it would look like a “Gravity Valley” in its locus in the space – time fabric, Any other object, which would also have a gravity well, dragging its gravity well with it creating a valley, comes towards another object, the more massive object dominates by pulling the object with its gravity well, at the end combining their gravity wells into a larger gravity well.

In general, all objects in the universe will be in constant motion pulled towards more massive objects that are the nearest in the space – time locus. After the big bang, and after atoms were formed, the atoms in motion coalesced in a series of accretion process, finally becoming larger objects, gathering mass and momentum. Mass translates into the gravity well, while momentum translates to the gravity valley created by the moving mass in a locus. The “Merging of the Gravity Wells” create “Merged Gravity Wells”. After a series of merging of the gravity wells, larger and deeper gravity well, and deeper and wider larger gravity valleys would be created. This continual gravity well mergers resulted in stars, planets and other celestial objects. Very large objects like galaxies, galaxy clusters are all held inside their respective very deep gravity wells, and in motion respective very deep and wide gravity valleys. The gravity well of a black hole is so deep that no object that comes under its super gravity influence can escape falling into the gravity well forever, even light. Giant super clusters of galaxies can even bend light creating a gravity lensing effect as seen by an observer.

Our universe was born with the sudden appearance of a very narrow and extremely deep gravity well, which is believed by scientists to have come out of nothing. This deep gravity well expanded in width and in time tore apart into many smaller and less deep gravity wells. Trapped in these larger number of gravity wells were light and many elementary particles, some of them did not live in gravity wells, nor had their own gravity wells. The elementary particles like neutrinos and light photons never acquired their own wells. Having no gravity wells of their own, they also do not create any gravity valley in their locus traveling through the space – time fabric. However, the exception is that when these with no gravity well or valley locus pf their own come near the influence of black holes, they fall into the trap of the bottomless gravity well, and disappear forever.

We don't know why neutrinos and light waves or photons are trapped by dark matter about which we only know of its super deep gravity wells, and nothing more. Dark energy seems to push large clusters of super deep gravity wells away from each other.

When we study stars like our sun which are super deep gravity well, looking deeper inside, we see many very small gravity wells moving around very fast, with light and neutrinos escaping the gravity well, seemingly creating the effect of one single and integrated super deep gravity well. This true for all very deep and much less deep gravity wells. Like planets and even smaller objects. It goes to show that perception and effect of a single deep gravity well may be deceiving, yet they are made of many small gravity wells.

Depending on the mass of an object, the depth of the well is automatically defined. Depending on the mass density or specific gravity of the object, the circumference, and area of the gravity well, and the circumference limit of its gravity well is automatically defined. More the mass, the deeper the gravity well; more the mass density, narrower the gravity well.

Let us imagine a non-interacting observer approaching a gravity well of an object as a visitor on its own, and alternatively hitchhiking another object that approaches the target object. Once the observer approaches close enough inside the gravity well influence, the observer falls into the gravity well. Depending on the mass of the target or destination object, the observer experiences the depth of the well. Depending on the mass density or specific gravity of the object, the circumference and area of the gravity well experienced by the observer could be small or large, and limits of its gravity experienced by the observer are automatically defined. More the mass, the observer falls into a deeper the gravity well; more the mass density, narrower the gravity well as experienced by the observer.

Once the observer is inside the well, the observer sees the following:

1. If the target object is a star, like our sun, its gravity well is made up predominately of a lot of lighter elements like hydrogen and helium, plus elementary particles like neutrinos, plasma and light photons, all with their own gravity wells, except for the light photons. These gravity wells are shallow and move around violently the space-time fabric inside the star as a result of the high-temperature thermonuclear fusion inside the star core, and the property of the plasma at the outer surface. Light and neutrinos released from the inner fusion core will be escaping through the maze of dense concentrations of the gravity wells bounced around by the gravity wells, some also absorbed by the gravity wells and reemitted consecutively making their way to to the exterior of the star, finally to escape out of the star.
2. In the case of a black hole, the gravity well would be very narrow and extremely deep, almost to the singularity level of being bottomless, not even observable by an observer.
3. In the case of dark matter, of which very little is understood, the gravity well profile is not characterizable, either the density of matter is much higher, six times than Baryonic matter, or the dark matter pervades the universe six-time compared to Baryonic matter. When an observer approaches or is attracted towards, dark matter, it may experience a very deep gravity well with a smaller circumference and area. However, it is not known what the observer would experience once inside the gravity well, if it would observe numerous smaller gravity wells, which make up the dark matter, that is either six times denser than Baryonic matter, probably because the individual atom equivalents have much lower radius compared to the Baryonic atom with the electron orbits far enough to make the Baryonic atom larger, the far away orbits of the electrons make the atoms in Baryonic matter resulting larger atoms than what the dark matter atomic equivalents may be in size.

Mass of an Object Depends on the Gravity Well it Resides

1. Mass and its gravity well would be different from the same mass in different wells. Let us take the example of the gravity well of our earth. Any object that falls into the earth's gravity well is trapped in that well. Many cosmic objects have fallen to earth owing to the gravitational pull of the earth. For hundreds of millions of years to few billion years of the earth, many meteorites, comets, and asteroids have fallen on the earth. However, our earth and all the planets in our solar system are trapped in the sun's gravity well. Our moon is also trapped in the earth's gravity well. Similarly, the planets in our solar system have their own moons trapped in the gravity well of the planets.
2. Our sun is also trapped in the gravity well of our galaxy, along with all other billions of stars. All these stars are basically trapped within the grips of the center of our galaxy, which is a black hole.
3. The different galaxies and galaxy clusters are in the gravity wells of dark matter. The first gravity well in the universe was the big bang itself, which contained all in the universe.
4. The gravity wells of different sizes are inside bigger gravity wells, like the Russian dolls. If you open the Russian doll, there would be another Russian doll, and in turn another Russian doll and so on!
5. If an object that is already trapped in a gravity well wants to escape out of the gravity well, it needs to gain an “escape velocity”, which in turn requires energy to gain the escape velocity. The mass of the object depends on the escape velocity, momentum, acceleration, and the required energy to gain the momentum and acceleration to escape. In other words, the parameters of the requirements for escape itself defines and is a measure of the mass of the object. If the and when the object escapes the gravity well, it may travel for some time, only to be captured by another gravity well. The mass of the object after it falls into the gravity well of the second largest object will be different, as the second home of the object in the new gravity well requires a new escape velocity and other related physical parameters. Thus the object does not have a true mass, but changes based on the gravity well it resides.
6. When meteorites, comets, and asteroids fall into the earth, their original travel trajectory was defined by the sun and its gravity well. Inside the gravity well of the sun are many shallower gravity wells of the different planets, the earth being only one of them. After the meteorites, comets, and asteroids fall into the sun's gravity well, they may enter the gravity well of any of the sun's planet, and in the subsequent stage also fall into the gravity well of the moons of the different planets.
7. Therefore, the celestial objects falling into the sun's gravity well continue to fall into the planetary gravity wells inside the sun's gravity well. Every stellar and galactic gravity well has a series gravity wells inside the gravity wells.
8. Any object truly does not have one escape velocity and one mass defining it, but many depending on the frame of reference of a gravity well. An object, for example, that wants to escape the gravity well, once it does escape, has a series of wells out of which it should escape, with practically no limit.
9. The only limit to series of escapes for an object, with respect to an observer looking at the escaping object, is the Hubble horizon limit. It does not mean that the object has finished completely escaping not to be bound to any gravity well. The Hubble horizon limit refers to an observer trying to observe the escaping object from a distance.
10. However, for an observer that is on or part of the object, the escape probably never ends, as there is the world, but not observable by another from an observer r remote object once the object crosses the Hubble horizon with respect to an observer,
11. In fact, the dark energy makes it possible for objects of super galactic scale to run away from an observer out of its Hubble horizon. There is no singular Hubble horizon but is only defined with respect to a remote observer.

Gravity Wells and Gravity Valleys in our Universe

Gravity Wells and Gravity Valleys

in our Universe where

Gravity is the all Pervasive Dominant Force

KRS Murthy

Gravity is all pervasive. Every object, small to very large, veiled gravity on all objects around it, or is pulled towards other objects that have more mass. Gravity acts on the space – time fabric to create a “Gravity Well”. Every object in the universe, small to big, creates a gravity well in the space - time fabric and resides inside its gravity well at its depth and in the center. When the object moves, it drags its gravity well with it, If we draw a time diagram of its gravity well, it would look like a “Gravity Valley” in its locus in the space – time fabric, Any other object, which would also have a gravity well, dragging its gravity well with it creating a valley, comes towards another object, the more massive object dominates by pulling the object with its gravity well, at the end combining their gravity wells into a larger gravity well.

In general, all objects in the universe will be in constant motion pulled towards more massive objects that are the nearest in the space – time locus. After the big bang, and after atoms were formed, the atoms in motion coalesced in a series of accretion process, finally becoming larger objects, gathering mass and momentum. Mass translates into the gravity well, while momentum translates to the gravity valley created by the moving mass in a locus. The “Merging of the Gravity Wells” create “Merged Gravity Wells”. After a series of merging of the gravity wells, larger and deeper gravity well, and deeper and wider larger gravity valleys would be created. This continual gravity well mergers resulted in stars, planets and other celestial objects. Very large objects like galaxies, galaxy clusters are all held inside their respective very deep gravity wells, and in motion respective very deep and wide gravity valleys. The gravity well of a black hole is so deep that no object that comes under its super gravity influence can escape falling into the gravity well forever, even light. Giant super clusters of galaxies can even bend light creating a gravity lensing effect as seen by an observer.

Our universe was born with the sudden appearance of a very narrow and extremely deep gravity well, which is believed by scientists to have come out of nothing. This deep gravity well expanded in width and in time tore apart into many smaller and less deep gravity wells. Trapped in these larger number of gravity wells were light and many elementary particles, some of them did not live in gravity wells, nor had their own gravity wells. The elementary particles like neutrinos and light photons never acquired their own wells. Having no gravity wells of their own, they also do not create any gravity valley in their locus traveling through the space – time fabric. However, the exception is that when these with no gravity well or valley locus pf their own come near the influence of black holes, they fall into the trap of the bottomless gravity well, and disappear forever.

We don't know why neutrinos and light waves or photons are trapped by dark matter about which we only know of its super deep gravity wells, and nothing more. Dark energy seems to push large clusters of super deep gravity wells away from each other.

When we study stars like our sun which are super deep gravity well, looking deeper inside, we see many very small gravity wells moving around very fast, with light and neutrinos escaping the gravity well, seemingly creating the effect of one single and integrated super deep gravity well. This true for all very deep and much less deep gravity wells. Like planets and even smaller objects. It goes to show that perception and effect of a single deep gravity well may be deceiving, yet they are made of many small gravity wells.

Depending on the mass of an object, the depth of the well is automatically defined. Depending on the mass density or specific gravity of the object, the circumference, and area of the gravity well, and the circumference limit of its gravity well is automatically defined. More the mass, the deeper the gravity well; more the mass density, narrower the gravity well.

Let us imagine a non-interacting observer approaching a gravity well of an object as a visitor on its own, and alternatively hitchhiking another object that approaches the target object. Once the observer approaches close enough inside the gravity well influence, the observer falls into the gravity well. Depending on the mass of the target or destination object, the observer experiences the depth of the well. Depending on the mass density or specific gravity of the object, the circumference and area of the gravity well experienced by the observer could be small or large, and limits of its gravity experienced by the observer are automatically defined. More the mass, the observer falls into a deeper the gravity well; more the mass density, narrower the gravity well as experienced by the observer.

Once the observer is inside the well, the observer sees the following:

1. If the target object is a star, like our sun, its gravity well is made up predominately of a lot of lighter elements like hydrogen and helium, plus elementary particles like neutrinos, plasma and light photons, all with their own gravity wells, except for the light photons. These gravity wells are shallow and move around violently the space-time fabric inside the star as a result of the high-temperature thermonuclear fusion inside the star core, and the property of the plasma at the outer surface. Light and neutrinos released from the inner fusion core will be escaping through the maze of dense concentrations of the gravity wells bounced around by the gravity wells, some also absorbed by the gravity wells and reemitted consecutively making their way to to the exterior of the star, finally to escape out of the star.
2. In the case of a black hole, the gravity well would be very narrow and extremely deep, almost to the singularity level of being bottomless, not even observable by an observer.
3. In the case of dark matter, of which very little is understood, the gravity well profile is not characterizable, either the density of matter is much higher, six times than Baryonic matter, or the dark matter pervades the universe six-time compared to Baryonic matter. When an observer approaches or is attracted towards, dark matter, it may experience a very deep gravity well with a smaller circumference and area. However, it is not known what the observer would experience once inside the gravity well, if it would observe numerous smaller gravity wells, which make up the dark matter, that is either six times denser than Baryonic matter, probably because the individual atom equivalents have much lower radius compared to the Baryonic atom with the electron orbits far enough to make the Baryonic atom larger, the far away orbits of the electrons make the atoms in Baryonic matter resulting larger atoms than what the dark matter atomic equivalents may be in size.

Mass of an Object Depends on the Gravity Well it Resides

1. Mass and its gravity well would be different from the same mass in different wells. Let us take the example of the gravity well of our earth. Any object that falls into the earth's gravity well is trapped in that well. Many cosmic objects have fallen to earth owing to the gravitational pull of the earth. For hundreds of millions of years to few billion years of the earth, many meteorites, comets, and asteroids have fallen on the earth. However, our earth and all the planets in our solar system are trapped in the sun's gravity well. Our moon is also trapped in the earth's gravity well. Similarly, the planets in our solar system have their own moons trapped in the gravity well of the planets.

1. 1. Our sun is also trapped in the gravity well of our galaxy, along with all other billions of stars. All these stars are basically trapped within the grips of the center of our galaxy, which is a black hole.
   2. The different galaxies and galaxy clusters are in the gravity wells of dark matter. The first gravity well in the universe was the big bang itself, which contained all in the universe.
   3. The gravity wells of different sizes are inside bigger gravity wells, like the Russian dolls. If you open the Russian doll, there would be another Russian doll, and in turn another Russian doll and so on!
   4. If an object that is already trapped in a gravity well wants to escape out of the gravity well, it needs to gain an “escape velocity”, which in turn requires energy to gain the escape velocity. The mass of the object depends on the escape velocity, momentum, accelerartion, and the required energy to gain the momentum and acceleration to escape. In other words, the parameters of the requirements for escape itself defines and is a measure of the mass of the object. If the and when the object escapes the gravity well, it may travel for some time, only to be captured by another gravity well. The mass of the object after it falls into the gravity well of the second largest object will be different, as the second home of the object in the new gravity well requires a new escape velocity and other related physical parameters. Thus the object does not have a true mass, but changes based on the gravity well it resides.
   5. When metrorites, comets, and asteroids fall into the earth, their original travel trajectory was defined by the sun and its gravity well. Inside the gravity well of the sun are many shallower gravity wells of the different planets, the earth being only one of them. After the metrorites, comets, and asteroids fall into the sun's gravity well, they may enter the gravity well of any of the sun's planet, and in the subsequent stage also fall into the gravity well of the moons of the different planets.
   6. Therefore, the celestial objects falling into the sun's gravity well continue to fall into the planetary gravity wells inside the sun's gravity well. Every stellar and galactic gravity well has a series gravity wells inside the gravity wells.
   7. Any object truly does not have one escape velocity and one mass defining it, but many depending on the frame of reference of a gravity well. An object, for example, that wants to escape the gravity well, once it does escape, has a series of wells out of which it should escape, with practically no limit.
   8. The only limit to series of escapes for an object, with respect to an observer looking at the escaping object, is the Hubble horizon limit. It does not mean that the object has finished completely escaping not to be bound to any gravity well. The Hubble horizon limit refers to an observer trying to observe the escaping object from a distance.
   9. However, for an observer that is on or part of the object, the escape probably never ends, as there is the world, but not observable by anothefrom an observer r remote object once the object crosses the Hubble horizon with respect to an observer,
   10. In fact, the dark energy makes it possible for objects of super galactic scale to run away from an observer out of its Hubble horizon. There is no singular Hubble horizon but is only defined with respect to a remote observer.

Dr. KRS Murthy

http://krsmurthyprofile.blogspot.com

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Murthy's Thought Experiments and Treading in Unchartered Scientific Territory

Murthy's Thought Experiments 

& Treading in Unchartered Scientific Territory

Controlling or Manipulate the Electron Spin

1. We know that the electron spins while orbiting around the nucleus.
2. Is it possible to control the spin of the electron?
3. Is it also possible to spin the electron down to a small spin, and virtually to zero?
4. If we can spin the electron faster, what is the fastest spin possible, even if it is for only one electron?
5. What is the energy required to control the spin of one electron and increase it or decrease it by one spin per second or increase or decrease by a percentage of the electron spin value?

Controlling or Manipulate the Orbital Velocity of the Electron

1. We know that the electron orbits around the nucleus, while also spinning.
2. Is it possible to control the orbital velocity of the electron?
3. Is it also possible to reduce the orbital velocity of the electron down, and virtually to zero?
4. If we can increase the orbital velocity of the electron, what is the fastest orbital velocity possible, even if it is for only one electron?
5. What is the energy required to control the orbital velocity of the electron and increase it or decrease it by one rotation per second or increase or decrease by a percentage of the electron orbital velocity value?

Control or Manipulation of the Orbital Velocity and Spin Simultaneously and Independent of Each Other

1. We know that the electron orbits around the nucleus, while also spinning.
2. Is it possible to control the orbital velocity and spin of the electron simultaneously?
3. Is it possible to control the orbital velocity and spin of the electron independent of each other and by different values or a percentage of the original value?
4. Is it also possible to reduce the orbital of velocity and spin of the electron down, and virtually to zero simultaneously?
5. If we can increase the orbital of velocity and the spin of the electron simultaneously or independently, what are the fastest orbital velocity and fastest spin possible, even if it is for only one electron?
6. What is the energy required to control the orbital velocity and the spin of the electron and increase it or decrease it by one rotation per second or one spin per second or increase or decrease them by a percentage simultaneously?

Precision Limit for the Control of the Electron Properties

1. What are the precision limits for control of the orbital velocity and spin of the electron independents or simultaneously?

2. When light is absorbed by the electron in an atom, does the light deccelerate and slow down before its absorption?
3. What are the transformations and transformation stages, continuous or discrete, from being a ray of light to ceasing to be a ray of light at the very point of absorption?
4. Can we observe and measure the transformation stages of the ray of light approaching an electron in the orbit to the very point of complete absorption? If so, when does the quantum property start?
5. When the electron experiences the quantum jump up from one orbit to the other, and later experience subsequent quantum jump down to another orbit in an elastic or inelastic process, what are the stages of the transformation experienced by the ray of light and the electron during the absorption or release processes?
6. Are these stages of transformations continuous or quantum in nature?
7. What are the precision limits for the observations?
8. What are the certainty restrictions and limits of the observations and measurements when two separate and independent experiments are performed versus in a single experiment?

Entanglement and Disentanglement or Release

1. Do the electron and the ray of the light get entangled during the process of absorption, and disentangled or released from entanglement during the absorption and release processes?
2. When does the entanglement or release processes start and end?
3. Are the entanglement or release processes quantum or continuous in nature?
4. What are the precision limits for the observations?
5. What are the certainty restrictions and limits of the observations and measurements of the entanglement and release processes when two separate and independent experiments are performed versus in a single experiment?

The legacy of Great Scientists of the History: Grace or Curse?

1. Will the great scientists watch and bless us from their heavenly abode in our scientific quests?
2. Do we have to invoke the great scientists, both theoretical and experimental in answering the questions and verify by experiments?
3. The scientists are Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg, Albert Einstein, Neil Bohr, Erwin Schroedinger, Pauli,
4. Do these great scientists consider Murthy as a heretic, a maverick or let him into their old boy's circle?

Murthy's Postulates in Quantum Paradigm in Physics of Nature

Murthy's Postulates in 

Quantum Paradigm in Physics of Nature

KRS Murthy
I will present one of the effects of the quantum paradigm in nature, as explained in physics, called as quantum physics. I am taking the example of an electron orbiting around the nucleus. According to quantum physics, characterization of the electron's position, momentum and spin could only be in terms of a probability wave function, which is only a probability distribution, expressed as a wave function, also meaning the electron behaves like a wave while orbiting around the nucleus. A single number can't be expressed for any of the physical parameters: position, momentum, and spin. In addition, owing to Heisenberg;'s uncertainty principle, two parameters of the electrons can't be simultaneously and precisely measured. When an attempt is made to measure one of the parameters, this process affects or influences the other parameters, resulting in uncertainty or lack of measurement precision, in the other parameter. This is as if there is some kind of entanglement between the physical parameters of the same electron, which work in mutual correlation in tandem. In other words, the physical parameters are different aspects of a non-orthogonal physical property pairs of the electron in the orbital motion of the electron around the nucleus. 
KRS Murthy's Postulates
My postulates are no only about the entangled physical properties of the electron in the nucleus in its orbit, but also of other electrons that may be orbiting the same nucleus, and to some extent entangled influence of the electrons with the nucleus and the nucleons in the nucleus. The extent and the ways of the influence of the electrons between each other and also with the resultant combined influence on the nucleus, alone or together in the same orbit or the other orbits could vary depending on various other physical properties, at the quantum level and also at the nano, micro and macro levels. Examples of the physical parameters at the macro level that influence the extent of entanglement include temperature and pressure, and the state of the matter to include solid, liquid, gas, plasma, bose-einstein condensate, for example. 
The nucleus, and the atom as a whole display the following example properties:

1. Vibration: In the lattice of a solid, for example:
2. Rotation: In a molecule
3. Molecular Bonds
4. Sharing of electrons between two or more atoms in a molecule
5. Brownian and streamlined motion of atoms and molecules in gasses and liquids
6. Effect of other external influences like temperature, pressure, and sound on the macro and micro level bulk
7. Nano realm physical properties

Entanglement influences and effects between electron, neutron, proton and other elementary particles are different and to different extents on the subatomic levels, versus the environment at larger continuous realms like nano, micro, and macro.

I will present some examples below to illustrate my postulates:

1. When an electron jumps from one orbit to another orbit, absorbing or emitting a photon, not only does it create a "quantum entangled recoil" in other electrons in the orbit, but also in the nucleus.
2. In the photoelectric effect, when light impinges on a material, releasing an electron from the atom, creating a hole, not only does it create a "quantum entangled recoil" in the atom, further adding to phonon vibration of the whole lattice, the atoms and their electrons all vibrate sympathetically, increasing the temperature at bulk level.
3. In general, any disturbance at the subatomic realm to the electrons or the nucleus by external energy absorption or release, effects, and influences could create an imbalance in the quantum nature at the subatomic level, which is also an imbalance in the mutual entanglement of different physical properties. 
4. Quantum entanglement at the subatomic level results in uncertainty in the measurement of different physical parameters in the quantum realm. Any measurement that requires the use of any kind of electromagnetic energy or sound influences in uncertain. The very act is an involvement and an influence on the very nature of the quantum realm being observed.
5. Even though such influences exist in realms beyond the quantum and subatomic levels, the influence extent is seen benign, whereas the influences are dominantly observable.

Murthy on the Limits of the Universe

Limits of the Universe

Murthy's Perspectives on Max Planck, Planck's Constant and Planck's Limit
KRS Murthy

Max Planck was a great scientist who lived during the later half of the 19th century and the early part of 20th century. He is famous for his work that has memorialized his name and even the constant h, that relates the speed of light C, wavelength of light Lambda, frequency of light f and the energy contained in the light E. The Planck's constant is so small. that it is also considered a limit of any observation. Metrology at that scale, close to the Planck's limit is difficult and even impossible that we do not have any energy probe smaller and in that region. Planck's constant, Planck's length and Planck's time constant is smaller than any fundamental particle known to the scientists.

Scientists have found that the empty space, as we call it, is extremely active in Planck's space and time scale that matter and antimatter particle pairs arise and disappear very regularly in space and time. The matter and antimatter particle pairs come into existence and quickly annihilate all in the space and time scale. It is not known about the energy required for this appearance and immediate disappearance, and the source of energy.

The strange and completely unknown dark matter and dark energy existing in the universal scale is still not understood and not observed through direct scientific observation. even though the dark matter makes up 20 percent and the dark energy makes up 75 percent of the know universe, leaving only 5 percent of the observable universe. Of course, at the Planck's scale to the universal scale, everything is the universe, as we know it.

On the higher end of the scale, speed of light becomes the limit, particularly the full know expanse of the universe, to observe or measure. Already because of the sizes of the cosmic objects like galaxies, clusters and super clusters of galaxies, super giant and super massive stars, the observable limit is the higher end of the limit.

The equation: e=hc/lambda strangely connects the two limits Planck's constant and c the speed of light in free space. There is also a lower limit for lambda, the wavelength, which reciprocally implies to the upper limit for the frequency of the radiation or energy. The universe has both the lower and upper limits, plus the limit for the measurement of time to the smallest to the longest.

The actual size of the observable universe is 46 billion light-years in any direction, even though the universe began only 13.8 billion years ago, the limit on the size of the universe any observer can see in the electromagnetic spectrum, light being a small part of this spectrum. This is called the observable universe. A light year is the distance travelled by light in one year. The speed of light referred to here is 

The philosophical implications of this upper and lower limits of observation by the very particles, energy and radiation that the universe is made of. In the philosophy of India, called the "sanaatana dharma", which is falsely called as Hinduism, the universe is unbound in space and time, with absolutely no limits of any kind. Other religions and traditions of the world are infantile and puny in magnanimity, depth and being ancient in tens of thousands of years compared to all other religions and traditions, with no exceptions. Strangely, the newer the religion, the poor in scope, vision, simple logic.

Dr. KRS Murthy
http://krsmurthyprofile.blogspot.com/
(408)-464-3333
2016KRSMurthy@Gmail.Com
Skype: drkrsmurthy

Murthy on Axioms and Urgency for Foundational Revolution of the Axiomatic Approach

Murthy on Axioms and Urgency for Foundational Revolution of the Axiomatic Approach

KRS Murthy

About Axioms

Axioms are the fundamental and foundational tenants of a corpus of knowledge of a discipline, part of a discipline, its practice, discussions and debates, both answered and unanswered. The axioms are assumed to be true and applicable in all pontifications of the compendium of knowledge or knowledge which is part of a discipline.

A group of axioms normally make up the fundamental and foundational basis of the knowledge corpus, and all aspects, branches and paths of the discipline.

The different axioms are and should be totally independent of each other. No axiom would be a derivative or a corollary of the other axioms, independently or multiple axioms combined or compounded in any fashion. The different axioms stand on their own.

If any one of the axioms are modified, deleted or omitted partially or wholly, even though very slightly, the whole corpus would change in many aspects and knowledge base, and also any of the resulting implications and conclusions, interim and final.

What are Axioms and their Importance

The axioms always include the following:

1. The alphabets, special characters, characters unique to an interpreting language, superscripts, subscripts, numbers, symbols, notations, legends, pictorial or conceptual icons used and applicable for all other axioms, the corpus of knowledge and all its addendums, extensions, footnotes, hypertexts, metadata and meta-knowledge. The meanings, interpretations and full set of implications and influences are part of this axiom.
2. The language used in all the axioms, and further all aspects and the whole corpus of knowledge derived, discussed, debated, summarized and presented. The language includes all words, the alternative spellings, acronyms, short forms and abbreviations, vocabulary, synonyms, homonyms, library, dictionary, thesaurus, grammar with all gramatical derivatives, figures of speech, the prepositions, conjunctions, parts of speech, proverbs if any,
3. As necessary, and if the corpus of knowledge requires and are actually used and practiced, translated, interpreted and used in any form in multiple languages, each of the previous axioms should be supplemented in the necessary different languages.
4. All communications, verbal or written, or represented in any one or more of the multimedia forms, including and not limited to graphs, charts, geometrical representations, photographs, cartoons, symbolic representations, figures, flow charts, movies, virtual reality, augmented reality, annotations, hypertexts, hyperlinks, footnotes, references, table of contents, metadata, electronic communications, visual and musical communications, exclamations, intonations, body language, in all variations and varieties of the previously listed items.
5. The different axioms with full details of their different and unique interpretations.

Murthy's Urgent Concerns on Foundations of Knowledge related to Axiomatic Foundations

1. Optionally, which will NOT be part of the axioms, various interpretations and their respective and even combined derivatives and their implications of the axioms could be used as an addendum, and especially as a helpful set of notes for the users.
2. Languages and other form of communications, will be an integral part of foundations on which the all aspects and facets of the knowledge corpus is built, stored and shared. For this reason, the language and all forms of communications should be precise to 100% level, with no exceptions and leniency.
3. Languages, and all other non linguistic based communications even more importantly, should be very precise for the corpus of knowledge to be perfect, for any lack of perfection makes the corpus very weak and even not able to withstand misinterpretations and sometimes contain inaccuracies.
4. Incomplete, inadequate and incorrect interpretations during translations between many languages will result into the corpus of knowledge unreliable and even ridden with untraceable as the corpus grows in time in complexity, depth and size, which will only multiply and grow exponentially, rendering the axioms mutated over time.
5. Incomplete, inadequate and incorrect interpretations during translations and interpretations between many forms of communication will result into the corpus of knowledge unreliable and even ridden with untraceable as the corpus grows in time in complexity, depth and size, which will only multiply and grow exponentially, rendering the axioms mutated over time.
6. Essence in the axioms, and their precision, are vital to the robustness and reliability of the corpus of knowledge, of which the languages, translations between languages, translations and interpretations between different media of communications are integral parts of transmission, dissemination and growth of the corpus of knowledge without any loss of the effectiveness and veracity of the axiomatic foundations.
7. Languages and other media of communications are created, consumed, nurtured and disseminated by humans for many centuries, and in the recent decades by computers, internet and other electronic media; as humans are by nature fallible, and computing and other electronic methodologies less likely, axioms and the corpus of knowledge are not in good and reliable hands.
8. Could we create self correcting, with routine vigilance, fault tolerant and more prudently resilient schema in the axiomatic foundations and the ever growing corpus of knowledge, that is self regulating and maintaining close to 100% precision and reliability; schema itself to be resilient?
9. It is important and imperative to note that the number of disciplines, subjects and their axiomatic foundations have exponentially increased in the recent centuries and few millennia, and even more aggressively in the last century.
10. Multidisciplinary growth like nanotechnology, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, machine learning and even new mathematical, scientific and creative arts disciplines make it a case for urgency to address the very theme and concerns I have propounded in this brief introduction, which I will follow up with additional creative writing, talks, webinars and conferences, plus set up a like minded, and equally concerned team, for detailing in the thought processes of the this brief introduction.
11. I have lot more to write and speak in the following communications, that is loading up in my mind and heart with a serious sense of urgency.

Feel free to write to me if you are interested to learn and contribute 
at: 

DrKRSMurthy2017@Gmail.Com

or call me directly on (408)-464-3333

or on my Skype ID: DrKRSMurthy

Dr. KRS Murthy

http://krsmurthyprofile.blogspot.com/

(408)-464-3333

DrKRSMurthy2017@Gmail.Com

Skype: drkrsmurthy