Murthy's
Postulates on Nature of Light
By KRS Murthy
Murthy
questions the simultaneity of the wave and particle natures of light,
and challenges with his postulation of non-simultaneity of the two
natures of light.
KRS
Murthy’s postulates:
Postulate
1:
There
is a multiplicity infinite continuum between the binary duality of
the behavior of light and all things in the nature. To some eyes the
nature manifests in duality; other eyes may be blessed by the full
nature of infinite continuum. Choose the probe or probes to
understand the different of nature’s manifestation. My statements
and postulates are NOT at all philosophical; they are the true nature
of the nature.
Postulate
2:
In
fact, the great scientist Albert Einstein demonstrated the particle
behavior of light in his famous photoelectric effect. He is one of my
heroes. However, you may note that this great scientist and all
scientists who have followed have not explained the actual physics
behind the so called “particle or wave property of light” as a
duality behavior. I have gone to a further important understanding
and disclosed in this article that there is a momentum change (loss)
or exchange if you consider the two participants in the process,
required for an electromagnetic wave to become a momentum loser at
which instant a photon is born, The photon particle behavior is NOT a
dual property of light; it is a death and birth process at the same
time.
I
am explaining below why the light's wave - particle duality is not
correct. Only when the electromagnetic wave of light interacts with
matter and exchanges, sometimes give and other times gain, quanta of
energy called photon, after which the speed reduces, the energy
reduces owing to Plank's law, thus the wavelength increases or
decreases upon scattering or slightly delayed radiation, away from
the atom in the matter.
The
simultaneity is the challenge I am postulating to the physics
community. The simultaneity of wave - particle duality does not exist
in nature is my postulation.
My
postulation states that either it is a wave or a particle at a given
time, not both simultaneously, even though change can happen in
atomic and particle time frames. Light travels fastest, at the limit
in free space, postulated by the legendary Albert Einstein. Free
space does not exist in nature very much. Even when, for example, the
sunlight after exiting or escaping from the sun, comes across matter
in the form of dust, even though very thinly distributed across the
solar system. Just FYI, similarly, interstellar dust and
intergalactic dust is thinly spread out. Light travels in the form of
electromagnetic waves in free space. However, as it comes across the
matter in the thin dust, it interacts with the electron in the atoms
in the matter, when the wave looses energy, imparting some in the
form of quanta of energy to the electron.
As
the light comes across only a thin dust of particles, the light wave
to particle interaction affects only very lightly in the amount of
electromagnetic wave for of light. When the electromagnetic wave of
light hits the earth, its interaction with matter increases, in
conversion to the photon form of light in a variety of modes. Albert
Einstein's photoelectric effect is one such interaction, when photons
are created and scattered. Similarly, the photo-becomes process of
transferring of energy quanta to the electron in the PV material is
another example of the electromagnetic wave form of light loosing the
energy quanta when it becomes photons, and ceasing to be a wave.
Raman scattering is another example.
Please
note that I am using the example of the interaction with electron,
even though light interacts with other elementary particles like
neutron and proton in the atoms and in the dust under different
conditions. I am using the light – electron interactions to
illustrate my point.
Fundamentals
First:
Here are
many diagrams incorrectly depicting the wave – particle duality of
the nature of light
All
researchers, their experimental set up, their experimental results,
diagrams and cartoons, all interpretations of the wave form of light
is consistently incorrect.
Discussions
by KRS Murthy
The
researchers have consistently incorrectly understood and interpreted
the wave nature of light in the form of electromagnetic waves as if
the light travels like waves in water, in a pond or an ocean.
Let us
use the word “ray or ray of light” to mean the electromagnetic
wave form of light to represent the path the electromagnetic
pulsations travel forward. The biggest confusion among most or many
of the physicists, teachers of physics, including university
professors, from the most reputed and celebrated universities to less
well known universities, is in interpreting in pictures or cartoons
and also in graphical forms. The very word “wave” seems to have
created worldwide confusions and misunderstanding of the nature of
light.
In
graphical representations, in addition to the ocean wave like
presentations, electric and magnetic field vectors are shown in
graphical forms, with the two vectors perpendicular to each other,
with that plane being perpendicular to the direction of light
transmission.
Correct
Interpretation by KRS Murthy:
Really,
those two vectors should only mean to graphically represent the
strength of the electric and magnetic fields. The fields are confined
to a point, which is moving at the speed of light. The vectors should
simply mean to represent the field pulsations for the electric and
magnetic fields, as they are at the same time moving forward in the
direction of light, again at the speed of light.
The
perpendicularity of the two fields actually represents their mutual
orthogonality; the two fields are not geometrically perpendicular to
each other. The electric field is pulsating from zero to high (or its
maximum) and back to zero, the magnetic field in temporal
orthogonality is going from high (maximum) to zero. The two fields
are centered on the same axis of the direction of the transmission of
ray. Here the term “ray” only represents the direction of light
traversal. The frequency of the pulsation of the electric and
magnetic fields, in temporal orthogonality to each other, is the
represented by the equation E = hf, where E is the energy of the ray
of light, h is the Plank’s constant and f is the frequency of the
pulsation of the electric and magnetic orthogonal pair. It is
important to note that the magnetic field exists, and pulsates, only
because the electric field also pulsates; one of them would not exist
without the other; both can’t be static, but should pulsate for
light to exist and travel. In fact, the light is only a perception in
the human eye, and of those animals with eyes, and the respective
brains, with the true reality being electric and magnetic field
pulsations, similar to other much broader electromagnetic spectrum to
cover from radio, micro, infrared, through visible light, X-rays and
beyond. The wavelength of light is in the nanometer range. Here the
wavelength is the distance travelled by the electric and magnetic
field pulsations from zero to high and back to zero.
It
is also important to understand and realize that varying or pulsating
electric field generates a pulsating magnetic field mutually
orthogonally, which is mutually cause and effect to each other.
Simple variations in electric field creates magnetic field;
orthogonally simple variations in magnetic field creates electric
field. Periodic pulsations are not necessary. In light, and the full
spectrum of electromagnetic waves, the pulsations are periodic, with
a respective full spectrum of frequencies and associated wavelengths.
I have
used the words “wave” and “electromagnetic wave form of light”
in documents only and exclusively to mean my correct interpretation,
NOT as to mean waves in an ocean or a pond.
Murthy's
Thought Experiments Series
Many
experiments have been conducted, both thought experiments and real
experiments, in the history. Please see the list of references shown
at the end of this document.
My
experiments involve multiple series of experiments and corresponding
observations.
First
Series of Experiments
In
my first series of thought experiments, let us use a double slit made
of photo-voltaic material, any detector that is triggered when the
light meant to pass through the slits may hit the edges of the slit
or any other objects on the surface of the slit or replace one after
doing an experiment with regular double slit, with everything else
being the same. This is especially important to ensure that the light
that is meant to pass through the free space of the slit unencumbered
by any part of the slit material does strictly does, and not hit any
edge or other surface of the slit.
Second
Series of Experiments
In
this series, let us vary the distances between light source and the
slit, and also between the slit and the screen. In the third stage,
let us use two sets of slits, instead of only one set of slits.
Third
Series of Experiments
In
this third series of experiments, let us vary the distances between
the two sets of slits, while repeating all the series of tests in the
second stage.
Fourth
Series of Experiments
In
this series, let us vary the slit width for one of the slits, while
keeping the width of the other slit same, while repeating all the
experiments in the previous series.
Fifth
Series of Experiments
Let
us make slits differently in this most important series. The slit
width will be different from top of the slits to the bottom of the
slit. It would be a tapered from top to bottom, bottom being the
narrowest part of the slit. In the first part of this series, the
light source will be in the middle point of the height of the slits.
In later parts, the light source would be raised towards the top, and
later towards bottom of the slits, the relative heights being
critical.
It
is very important that the light source is collimated
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimated_light) towards the slit, to
allow some of the collimated light fall across the width of the
slits, ensuring the light fall equally well across the width.
Sixth
Series of Experiments
In
this series, two sets of double slits are used one behind the other.
The distances between the two sets of double slits are varied, and
later repeated with the tapered slits for the front and back double
slits. Further, the two double tapered slits are placed with one
tapered from top to bottom, while the other tapered from bottom to
top.
Seventh
Series of Experiments
In
this series, the slits are rotated in plane with the slits, on an
axis perpendicular to the plane in very small steps of a fraction of
degrees on both sides. The purpose of this rotation is to demonstrate
that as long as the collimated light passes through the slit, as if
it is passing through a free space, and surely not hit any edge or
surface of the slits; only when the electromagnetic wave form of the
light is practically passing through the space in the slits and is if
it is unaware of the existence of the slits, it remains to be in the
same electromagnetic wave form through its full transit, only to hit
the matter of the screen to loose the energy quanta to give birth to
photons.
It
is also important and imperative that the screens and the space
between the screen and the slits' surfaces facing the screen (let us
call this surface as the “far side surface”), away from the
collimated light source, are designed not to reflect or scatter any
light photons back on the 'far side surface' of the slits.
Eighth
Series of Experiments
Another
option is to also repeat the experiments with no slits in between the
collimated light source and the screen, to unequivocally demonstrate
that the perfectly collimated electromagnetic wave form of light
passing and transiting towards the screen will be totally transiting
as if it is unaware and does not distinguish of the presence or
absence of the slits. This experiment should conclusively prove the
non-simultaneity of the wave and particle forms of slight; prove that
the waveform of light and the particle form of the photon exist at
different times, the wave form giving birth to the photon particle
form, only after interacting with matter.
Ninth
Series of Experiments
In
the ninth series, the slits are not made of rectangular slits. The
slits shapes are curved like an arch of a circle, with different
curvatures made and used as slides. The curvature of the arch in
first few tests could be very small, with slightly increasing
curvature to see the effect on the screen. The two slits may be of
shape of mirror reflections of each other or same as the other. Other
shapes and curves may also be used for the two slits.
Tenth
Series of Experiments
In
this series, let us ensure that we make sure that the source of light
is not shining on both the slits, and also on the whole plane of the
two slits. By using a single source of light, not collimated at all,
falls equally well on both the slits, which is represented in the
diagrams, cartoons and also experimental set up by all physicists
pointed out by me earlier in this document, it has been a broad
brushed approach by all physicists, teachers of physics, books,
articles and research papers and implemented by experimenters, to
lighting of the two slits.
Let
us use two separate sources of light, both collimated. Let us place
one of the light sources aligned to one of the respective slits. Let
us create a rectangular box to perfectly fit the distance between the
light source and the respective slit. Let us make sure that any light
from the light source does not escape into the common area between
the slits. Let us also make sure that the inside of the box has zero
reflecting surface, or scattering surface, so that the collimated
light starts from the light source directly and completely passes
through the respective slit, with zero reflection or scattering on
any surface inside (or outside the box), after which it hits the
screen. Let us do the same thing with the other source of light its
respective slit, passing through a box with all qualities of the
first box.
We
are making sure that the lights from the two sources and through
their respective boxes, and the slits pass from the collimated light
source and hitting the screen.
One
more thing to seal the deal! Let us make sure that we place the
screen as close to the slit plane as possible.
It
may even be a good idea to use another set of boxes from the slit to
the screen. Just kidding! This is how true physicists joke!
Eleventh
Series of Experiments
For
completeness and exhaustivity purposes, I have added this eleventh
series of experiments. The slit is made of only a long and very
narrow rectangular wire frame for each slit. The wire frame material
is made of a very sensitive PV material or a very sensitive photon
detector. Nano or micro fiber could be used coated with PV material
or photo detector. PV material could be made of multi-junction or
multi-layer PV material, so that it is sensitive to a broader
spectrum of light wavelengths. It is recommended that the different
parts of the wire frame, for example in sections of its long length
and the narrow part of the slit edge made of independently measurable
PV currents or photo detector current, so that we would be able to
detect and accurately measure the current or voltage drop, for
different sections of the slit edges. The wire frame could further be
supported for structural integrity with a scaffold of wires
structure. Please note that there is no other flat surface added, to
ensure that the wire frame slits are used to detect any light falling
away from the free space of the slight.
Murthy's
Explanation of the Physics behind the Series of Experiments
My
series of experiments are designed exactly to bring clarity to the
physics of the light in its electromagnetic wave form and the photon
form, which are clearly distinct and different, the two aspects not
being present simultaneously; the simultaneity or non-simultaneity
being a very important differences between the duality concept and my
postulation.
I
am providing the explanation of the expected results of the tests,
with the physics behind in this part of the document. Throughout the
different experiments, the collimated light source falls across the
width of the slits equally well based on the intentional design of my
thought experiments. As long as the distance between collimated light
source and the slits is short enough for light collimation is
maintained, part of the light falls at the center area of the slit
width, and away from the slit edges, this light remains to be an
electromagnetic wave, further falling on the screen, remaining to be
an electromagnetic wave, till it hits the screen. Once the light hits
the screen, the wave interacts with the atoms of the matter making
up the screen and photons are born, seen by our eye as the reflected
part of the light photons.
The
only important assumption here is that the space traveled by the
electromagnetic wave form of light from the light source all the way
through the middle point across the width of the slit on to the
screen is totally unencumbered by the matter of the slit or any other
matter or the atoms of the matter.
However,
the light in its electromagnetic form from the point of the
collimated light source gets encumbered by the edges of the slit,
true for all variety of slits intentionally designed by me in my
different series of experiments varying the opportunity for the light
in its electromagnetic form to get encumbered by matter in various
parts of the experimental set up, and especially the edges of the
slit. As I have previously explained, the light in its
electromagnetic form instantly becomes photons in its particle form,
after interacting with the atoms of the matter.
It
is important and imperative to note that the previous experiments
have all included intercepting or encumbering the electromagnetic
wave form of light with the matter in many ways including, and not
limited to, the edges of the slit, attempts to place detectors before
the slits, and even sending individual photons.
The
six series of experiments have been designed by me to forever clear
the true nature of light, whether it is simultaneously particle and
wave in its dual behavior as is believed by the physicists, or
proving my postulation of non-simultaneity of the two forms, and
change from one to another by interaction with matter.
In
reality, electromagnetic waves, in general, behave as both photons
(packets of energy) and waves; also means that the behavior is
unraveled to depending on the subjective observation and measurement
mode by the observer. Here the word "observer" does not
just mean a "human", but really the mode of observation and
measurement. Depending on the serious interests of the readers, I
will be glad to disclose the full treatise. Please mind the
Heisenberg's "Uncertainty Principle", while understanding
the underlying physics of both electromagnetic waves (especially
light spectrum part of the EM waves) and photon (behavior) in the
"behavior of its duality" to understand it well. Based on
the observation and interpretation mode, either Max Plank's version
(avatar) or the wave version (avatar is unraveled. Till an
observation is made, both of the duality modes are simultaneously
present and true at the same time.
The
"Duality Principle" which recognizes the "Duality
Behavior of Photon versus Wave" is nothing more than a very
simplistic and binary understanding of the nature. KRS Murthy
postulates that between the two extremes of photon (quanta) and wave
states of binary observation, there are infinite numbers of, even in
better words, infinite analogue states of behavior seemingly all at
the same time.
Similar
to the behavior of light with its simplistic perspective of the
possible binary states, electrons orbiting around the nucleus, in
this case one of the elementary particles meaning and implying matter
(and NOT energy) also behaves as a cloud, called the electron cloud.
Till the observation process takes place, and more importantly
depending on the observation mode, the electron is an individual
particle or behaving like a cloud, either individually or multiple
electrons together with cloud behavior.
This
thought process is true for the nucleus also. The nucleons, protons
and neutrons, do not have boundaries, as we would think of for
particles; similar to Planck's incorrect understanding and
interpretation in terms of quanta or photons. The nucleons share the
same space and overlapping space. The nucleons also vibrate, with
their shared space in the nucleus oscillating in three dimensions.
These
oscillations also manifest as phonon vibrations. For the less
educated science students, graduates and professionals, I want to
explain the origins of words and terminologies of photon, phonon and
others in a separate article. The phonon vibrations are responsible
for heat transfer and also sound transmission in solids. It is
interesting to note that many of the vibrations and oscillations,
another manifestation of the wave behavior of all things from energy
to particles to matter; which applies to matter of all sizes and
dimensions from subatomic to nano to micro to mega to giga and beyond
to universal scale; whether it is a wave or a matter or quanta
depends on the relative sizes of the observation probe of instrument,
here the probe and instrumentation meaning and referring to the type
and wavelength of the electromagnetic wave used for observation and
the accuracy and the precision of the used instrumentation.
Do
not limit your thinking to light, but extend your imagination to X
rays, UV, infrared, microwave and radio waves. Nature manifests its
secrets and its multiplicities based the probe. To different probes
with different capabilities, nature manifests differently and
discriminately.
Behavior
and Role of Light in Photovoltaic (PV) Effect
Light
has a primary role in the PV effect. When light falls on a PV
material, it interacts with the electron in the atom of the PV
material. I will explain the full dynamics of this light – electron
interaction below:
It
is important to remind ourselves that the light has the duality of
wave – particle or photon (quanta).
In
its wave behavior, light is basically an electromagnetic (EM) wave.
The visible part of the light spectrum has many wavelengths, which
we as human beings perceive as the VIBGYOR colors. Even though the 7
colors of VIBGYOR are referred to for light, it is actually a
continuous spectrum, with one end of red with the longest wavelength
to the violet with the shortest wavelength in the visible part of
the light.
PV
material is made of photodiodes. This is achieved by doping a
silicon crystalline wafer to create a photodiode junction.
There
are other ways of creating or manufacturing PV material in addition
to the silicon crystalline wafer doped to form a photodiodes. I will
not discuss other techniques here, but will revert to other types of
PV material in another article. My intention in this article is to
explain the interaction between light and electron to create a PV
current, primarily featuring my specific explanation and treatise of
the physics behind the light – electron interaction.
Light
being an electromagnetic wave, it has two components, electric field
and magnetic field, tightly coupled.
The
electric field and the magnetic field are perpendicular or better
termed as orthogonal to each other.
These
two fields pulsate alternatively. More clearly, when the electric
field grows from zero to maximum and wanes back to zero, the
magnetic field behaves orthogonally by waning from maximum to zero,
followed by growing from zero to maximum.
Changing
electric field creates magnetic field; orthogonally, changing
magnetic field creates electric field. The two fields act in tandem,
like orthogonal partners.
In
the specific case of light, both these fields are together in the
perpendicular plane to the direction of the transmission of light.
As the light is pacing forward, the electric and magnetic fields are
also moving with it forward always staying the plane perpendicular
to the direction of light.
Effectively,
the electric and magnetic fields are rotating like a cork screw
additionally moving forward. It is also important and imperative
that all these actions are happening at the speed of light.
Depending
on the doping details of the PV material, only a limited part of the
light spectrum can interact with the electron in the PV material.
As
the electromagnetic wave of the light falls on the PV material, the
electric and magnetic fields, in their active orthogonally pulsating
modes, the EM fields interact with electric field of the electron.
Please understand that this interaction in a field interaction
between the two electric fields, It is also imperative to remember
that the electric fields and the magnetic fields in their physics
behavior are orthogonal “Siamese” twins, from birth to death.
The
field interaction happens when the electric and magnetic fields come
close enough to be mutually affecting each other to the electron,
which is always spinning and orbiting around the nucleus. At this
very moment, magic happens.
The
magic: The electromagnetic wave of light while travelling in free
space behaves like a wave. However, at the very moment of the field
interactions between the wave “avatar” of light with the
electron’s electric field, light wave is under the influence,
reciprocally, of the electron which has high momentum, there is a
very slight momentum loss to the light wave. This loss of momentum
on the part of the light wave instantly and magically results in the
manifestation of photo, the light quanta. The photon quanta is born.
This light wave now is a photon particle.
The
momentum loss to the light wave, is actually a gain for the electron
particle dislodging it from its bond with the atom, the nucleus and
other electrons in the atom. This action of dislodging of the
electron simultaneously and instantly creates a hole, or a gap of
the negative charge of the dislodged electron.
As
the light waves are impinging on the PV material, many electrons are
dislodged by the light waves, reborn as photon quanta, at the time
of the field interactions.
It
is also important to note that the electromagnetic wave of light can
exist as a wave only when and as long as the speed, with accompanied
momentum is that of the speed of light in free space. Even when the
wave looses a very small momentum, in whatever interaction, it loses
the property of electromagnetic wave and become a photon particle of
quanta proportional to its wavelength. The birth of the photon
particle is instantaneously the death of the wave property of light.
In this important sense, the electromagnetic light wave is NOT
photon with its behavior of duality of wave and particle. In fact,
the two are different and not the two different behavior of the
same.
Murthy
boldly states and postulates: The electromagnetic light wave minus
the momentum loss, in any of various interactions of the wave with
its environment gives birth to the reduced momentum of the photons.
Without this loss, the light will remain an electromagnetic wave.
When
any matter, including particles and elementary particles, reaches
the speed of light, it is transformed into an electromagnetic wave,
and will cease to be matter or particle. It always needs the death
of one to become the other in both directions in momentum change.
Unlike any momentum changes and momentum transfers in nature, the
electromagnetic wave of light’s death to become photon particle /
quanta is unique. This is the magic of the transformation of
particle of photon of certain quanta to electromagnetic wave and
vice versa, in the unique process in nature.
Even
though, I have presented the example of the electromagnetic wave of
light becoming a photon, the same principle of physics applies to
the full spectrum of the electromagnetic waves above violet to
X-rays, as example, and infrared, microwave and radio waves as
examples.
In
fact, the great scientist Albert Einstein demonstrated the particle
behavior of light in his famous photoelectric effect. He is one of
my heroes. However, you may note that this great scientist and all
scientists who have followed have not explained the actual physics
behind the so called “particle or wave property of light” as a
duality behavior. I have gone to a further important understanding
and disclosed in this article that there is a momentum change (loss)
or exchange if you consider the two participants in the process,
required for an electromagnetic wave to become a momentum loser at
which instant a photon is born, The photon particle behavior is NOT
a dual property of light; it is a death and birth process at the
same time.
Historical
Background of Physics on this topic of Duality
Birthday
of Quantum Mechanics
On this day (12/14) in 1900, Max Planck
presented his theoretical derivation which explained the ultraviolet
catastrophe by suggesting that all electromagnetic energy, including
light, emits only in indivisible packets, or quanta, whose energy is
given by E = hf (where h is a constant, Planck’s constant, and f is
the frequency of the EM wave). With this assertion, not only was the
ultraviolet catastrophe solved, but it gave birth to one of the
pillars of physics, quantum physics.
In
1905, Einstein practically demonstrated the existence of the quanta,
or the light packets, with his experiments on photoelectric effect.
Max Planck went on to win the Nobel Prize in 1918.
Ultraviolet
catastrophe refers to the problem which the physicists of pre-1900
faced with respect to electromagnetic emission from a blackbody (such
as our Sun) which has the capacity to emit range of every frequency
of EM waves. Such a blackbody should have, according to the
prevailing theory of those days that light and all EM emissions are
waves, emitted infinite EM energy at the high frequencies
(ultraviolet range) which was definitely not the case.
To
fix this issue the Max Planck postulated that EM energy did not
follow the classical description of waves, but could only oscillate
or be emitted in discrete packets of energy, called quanta or
photons. With this postulate, one could explain the observed data as
follows: at lower frequencies (higher wavelength, lower energy) the
energy from each photon was so little that, even with large number of
them, they did not add up to much. At higher frequencies (smaller
wavelength, higher energy), each photon had a large energy content
but there weren’t many of them as it required a large amount of
energy to make one (high frequency, high energy) photon. Therefore at
both the lower and higher frequencies, there was a limiting factor on
the maximum possible intensity of emission. This could therefore
explain the trailing-off of the intensity of emission on both ends
and the peaking at some frequency which is a function of the
temperature. With Planck’s discrete energy packets, quanta or the
photon, the catastrophe was thus averted and Quantum Mechanics was
born.
Wave–particle
duality
Wave-Particle
Duality
The
first ever photograph of light as both a particle and wave
http://phys.org/news/2015-03-particle.html
