Murthy's Postulates on Nature of Light

By KRS Murthy

Murthy questions the simultaneity of the wave and particle natures of light, and challenges with his postulation of non-simultaneity of the two natures of light.

KRS Murthy’s postulates:

Postulate 1:

There is a multiplicity infinite continuum between the binary duality of the behavior of light and all things in the nature. To some eyes the nature manifests in duality; other eyes may be blessed by the full nature of infinite continuum. Choose the probe or probes to understand the different of nature’s manifestation. My statements and postulates are NOT at all philosophical; they are the true nature of the nature.

Postulate 2:

In fact, the great scientist Albert Einstein demonstrated the particle behavior of light in his famous photoelectric effect. He is one of my heroes. However, you may note that this great scientist and all scientists who have followed have not explained the actual physics behind the so called “particle or wave property of light” as a duality behavior. I have gone to a further important understanding and disclosed in this article that there is a momentum change (loss) or exchange if you consider the two participants in the process, required for an electromagnetic wave to become a momentum loser at which instant a photon is born, The photon particle behavior is NOT a dual property of light; it is a death and birth process at the same time.

I am explaining below why the light's wave - particle duality is not correct. Only when the electromagnetic wave of light interacts with matter and exchanges, sometimes give and other times gain, quanta of energy called photon, after which the speed reduces, the energy reduces owing to Plank's law, thus the wavelength increases or decreases upon scattering or slightly delayed radiation, away from the atom in the matter.

The simultaneity is the challenge I am postulating to the physics community. The simultaneity of wave - particle duality does not exist in nature is my postulation.

My postulation states that either it is a wave or a particle at a given time, not both simultaneously, even though change can happen in atomic and particle time frames. Light travels fastest, at the limit in free space, postulated by the legendary Albert Einstein. Free space does not exist in nature very much. Even when, for example, the sunlight after exiting or escaping from the sun, comes across matter in the form of dust, even though very thinly distributed across the solar system. Just FYI, similarly, interstellar dust and intergalactic dust is thinly spread out. Light travels in the form of electromagnetic waves in free space. However, as it comes across the matter in the thin dust, it interacts with the electron in the atoms in the matter, when the wave looses energy, imparting some in the form of quanta of energy to the electron.

As the light comes across only a thin dust of particles, the light wave to particle interaction affects only very lightly in the amount of electromagnetic wave for of light. When the electromagnetic wave of light hits the earth, its interaction with matter increases, in conversion to the photon form of light in a variety of modes. Albert Einstein's photoelectric effect is one such interaction, when photons are created and scattered. Similarly, the photo-becomes process of transferring of energy quanta to the electron in the PV material is another example of the electromagnetic wave form of light loosing the energy quanta when it becomes photons, and ceasing to be a wave. Raman scattering is another example.

Please note that I am using the example of the interaction with electron, even though light interacts with other elementary particles like neutron and proton in the atoms and in the dust under different conditions. I am using the light – electron interactions to illustrate my point.

Fundamentals First:

Here are many diagrams incorrectly depicting the wave – particle duality of the nature of light

All researchers, their experimental set up, their experimental results, diagrams and cartoons, all interpretations of the wave form of light is consistently incorrect.

https://www.google.com/search?q=double+slit+experiment&biw=1366&bih=661&tbm=isch&imgil=TOcasuNZTez54M%253A%253BFBmPPICWI8E5cM%253Bhttps%25253A%25252F%25252Fen.wikipedia.org%25252Fwiki%25252FDouble-slit_experiment&source=iu&pf=m&fir=TOcasuNZTez54M%253A%252CFBmPPICWI8E5cM%252C_&usg=__ldOatT333q0Kcve2_WfX5qv6MN4%3D&ved=0ahUKEwj13KL0nYLKAhVC8WMKHcuADBEQyjcILw&ei=oBiDVvWMJcLijwPLgbKIAQ#tbm=isch&q=double+slit+experiment+gif&imgrc=_

Discussions by KRS Murthy

The researchers have consistently incorrectly understood and interpreted the wave nature of light in the form of electromagnetic waves as if the light travels like waves in water, in a pond or an ocean.

Let us use the word “ray or ray of light” to mean the electromagnetic wave form of light to represent the path the electromagnetic pulsations travel forward. The biggest confusion among most or many of the physicists, teachers of physics, including university professors, from the most reputed and celebrated universities to less well known universities, is in interpreting in pictures or cartoons and also in graphical forms. The very word “wave” seems to have created worldwide confusions and misunderstanding of the nature of light.

In graphical representations, in addition to the ocean wave like presentations, electric and magnetic field vectors are shown in graphical forms, with the two vectors perpendicular to each other, with that plane being perpendicular to the direction of light transmission.

Correct Interpretation by KRS Murthy:

Really, those two vectors should only mean to graphically represent the strength of the electric and magnetic fields. The fields are confined to a point, which is moving at the speed of light. The vectors should simply mean to represent the field pulsations for the electric and magnetic fields, as they are at the same time moving forward in the direction of light, again at the speed of light.

The perpendicularity of the two fields actually represents their mutual orthogonality; the two fields are not geometrically perpendicular to each other. The electric field is pulsating from zero to high (or its maximum) and back to zero, the magnetic field in temporal orthogonality is going from high (maximum) to zero. The two fields are centered on the same axis of the direction of the transmission of ray. Here the term “ray” only represents the direction of light traversal. The frequency of the pulsation of the electric and magnetic fields, in temporal orthogonality to each other, is the represented by the equation E = hf, where E is the energy of the ray of light, h is the Plank’s constant and f is the frequency of the pulsation of the electric and magnetic orthogonal pair. It is important to note that the magnetic field exists, and pulsates, only because the electric field also pulsates; one of them would not exist without the other; both can’t be static, but should pulsate for light to exist and travel. In fact, the light is only a perception in the human eye, and of those animals with eyes, and the respective brains, with the true reality being electric and magnetic field pulsations, similar to other much broader electromagnetic spectrum to cover from radio, micro, infrared, through visible light, X-rays and beyond. The wavelength of light is in the nanometer range. Here the wavelength is the distance travelled by the electric and magnetic field pulsations from zero to high and back to zero.

It is also important to understand and realize that varying or pulsating electric field generates a pulsating magnetic field mutually orthogonally, which is mutually cause and effect to each other. Simple variations in electric field creates magnetic field; orthogonally simple variations in magnetic field creates electric field. Periodic pulsations are not necessary. In light, and the full spectrum of electromagnetic waves, the pulsations are periodic, with a respective full spectrum of frequencies and associated wavelengths.

I have used the words “wave” and “electromagnetic wave form of light” in documents only and exclusively to mean my correct interpretation, NOT as to mean waves in an ocean or a pond.

Murthy's Thought Experiments Series

Many experiments have been conducted, both thought experiments and real experiments, in the history. Please see the list of references shown at the end of this document.

My experiments involve multiple series of experiments and corresponding observations.

First Series of Experiments

In my first series of thought experiments, let us use a double slit made of photo-voltaic material, any detector that is triggered when the light meant to pass through the slits may hit the edges of the slit or any other objects on the surface of the slit or replace one after doing an experiment with regular double slit, with everything else being the same. This is especially important to ensure that the light that is meant to pass through the free space of the slit unencumbered by any part of the slit material does strictly does, and not hit any edge or other surface of the slit.

Second Series of Experiments

In this series, let us vary the distances between light source and the slit, and also between the slit and the screen. In the third stage, let us use two sets of slits, instead of only one set of slits.

Third Series of Experiments

In this third series of experiments, let us vary the distances between the two sets of slits, while repeating all the series of tests in the second stage.

Fourth Series of Experiments

In this series, let us vary the slit width for one of the slits, while keeping the width of the other slit same, while repeating all the experiments in the previous series.

Fifth Series of Experiments

Let us make slits differently in this most important series. The slit width will be different from top of the slits to the bottom of the slit. It would be a tapered from top to bottom, bottom being the narrowest part of the slit. In the first part of this series, the light source will be in the middle point of the height of the slits. In later parts, the light source would be raised towards the top, and later towards bottom of the slits, the relative heights being critical.

It is very important that the light source is collimated

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimated_light) towards the slit, to allow some of the collimated light fall across the width of the slits, ensuring the light fall equally well across the width.

Sixth Series of Experiments

In this series, two sets of double slits are used one behind the other. The distances between the two sets of double slits are varied, and later repeated with the tapered slits for the front and back double slits. Further, the two double tapered slits are placed with one tapered from top to bottom, while the other tapered from bottom to top.

Seventh Series of Experiments

In this series, the slits are rotated in plane with the slits, on an axis perpendicular to the plane in very small steps of a fraction of degrees on both sides. The purpose of this rotation is to demonstrate that as long as the collimated light passes through the slit, as if it is passing through a free space, and surely not hit any edge or surface of the slits; only when the electromagnetic wave form of the light is practically passing through the space in the slits and is if it is unaware of the existence of the slits, it remains to be in the same electromagnetic wave form through its full transit, only to hit the matter of the screen to loose the energy quanta to give birth to photons.

It is also important and imperative that the screens and the space between the screen and the slits' surfaces facing the screen (let us call this surface as the “far side surface”), away from the collimated light source, are designed not to reflect or scatter any light photons back on the 'far side surface' of the slits.

Eighth Series of Experiments

Another option is to also repeat the experiments with no slits in between the collimated light source and the screen, to unequivocally demonstrate that the perfectly collimated electromagnetic wave form of light passing and transiting towards the screen will be totally transiting as if it is unaware and does not distinguish of the presence or absence of the slits. This experiment should conclusively prove the non-simultaneity of the wave and particle forms of slight; prove that the waveform of light and the particle form of the photon exist at different times, the wave form giving birth to the photon particle form, only after interacting with matter.

Ninth Series of Experiments

In the ninth series, the slits are not made of rectangular slits. The slits shapes are curved like an arch of a circle, with different curvatures made and used as slides. The curvature of the arch in first few tests could be very small, with slightly increasing curvature to see the effect on the screen. The two slits may be of shape of mirror reflections of each other or same as the other. Other shapes and curves may also be used for the two slits.

Tenth Series of Experiments

In this series, let us ensure that we make sure that the source of light is not shining on both the slits, and also on the whole plane of the two slits. By using a single source of light, not collimated at all, falls equally well on both the slits, which is represented in the diagrams, cartoons and also experimental set up by all physicists pointed out by me earlier in this document, it has been a broad brushed approach by all physicists, teachers of physics, books, articles and research papers and implemented by experimenters, to lighting of the two slits.

Let us use two separate sources of light, both collimated. Let us place one of the light sources aligned to one of the respective slits. Let us create a rectangular box to perfectly fit the distance between the light source and the respective slit. Let us make sure that any light from the light source does not escape into the common area between the slits. Let us also make sure that the inside of the box has zero reflecting surface, or scattering surface, so that the collimated light starts from the light source directly and completely passes through the respective slit, with zero reflection or scattering on any surface inside (or outside the box), after which it hits the screen. Let us do the same thing with the other source of light its respective slit, passing through a box with all qualities of the first box.

We are making sure that the lights from the two sources and through their respective boxes, and the slits pass from the collimated light source and hitting the screen.

One more thing to seal the deal! Let us make sure that we place the screen as close to the slit plane as possible.

It may even be a good idea to use another set of boxes from the slit to the screen. Just kidding! This is how true physicists joke!

Eleventh Series of Experiments

For completeness and exhaustivity purposes, I have added this eleventh series of experiments. The slit is made of only a long and very narrow rectangular wire frame for each slit. The wire frame material is made of a very sensitive PV material or a very sensitive photon detector. Nano or micro fiber could be used coated with PV material or photo detector. PV material could be made of multi-junction or multi-layer PV material, so that it is sensitive to a broader spectrum of light wavelengths. It is recommended that the different parts of the wire frame, for example in sections of its long length and the narrow part of the slit edge made of independently measurable PV currents or photo detector current, so that we would be able to detect and accurately measure the current or voltage drop, for different sections of the slit edges. The wire frame could further be supported for structural integrity with a scaffold of wires structure. Please note that there is no other flat surface added, to ensure that the wire frame slits are used to detect any light falling away from the free space of the slight.

Murthy's Explanation of the Physics behind the Series of Experiments

My series of experiments are designed exactly to bring clarity to the physics of the light in its electromagnetic wave form and the photon form, which are clearly distinct and different, the two aspects not being present simultaneously; the simultaneity or non-simultaneity being a very important differences between the duality concept and my postulation.

I am providing the explanation of the expected results of the tests, with the physics behind in this part of the document. Throughout the different experiments, the collimated light source falls across the width of the slits equally well based on the intentional design of my thought experiments. As long as the distance between collimated light source and the slits is short enough for light collimation is maintained, part of the light falls at the center area of the slit width, and away from the slit edges, this light remains to be an electromagnetic wave, further falling on the screen, remaining to be an electromagnetic wave, till it hits the screen. Once the light hits the screen, the wave interacts with the atoms of the matter making up the screen and photons are born, seen by our eye as the reflected part of the light photons.

The only important assumption here is that the space traveled by the electromagnetic wave form of light from the light source all the way through the middle point across the width of the slit on to the screen is totally unencumbered by the matter of the slit or any other matter or the atoms of the matter.

However, the light in its electromagnetic form from the point of the collimated light source gets encumbered by the edges of the slit, true for all variety of slits intentionally designed by me in my different series of experiments varying the opportunity for the light in its electromagnetic form to get encumbered by matter in various parts of the experimental set up, and especially the edges of the slit. As I have previously explained, the light in its electromagnetic form instantly becomes photons in its particle form, after interacting with the atoms of the matter.

It is important and imperative to note that the previous experiments have all included intercepting or encumbering the electromagnetic wave form of light with the matter in many ways including, and not limited to, the edges of the slit, attempts to place detectors before the slits, and even sending individual photons.

The six series of experiments have been designed by me to forever clear the true nature of light, whether it is simultaneously particle and wave in its dual behavior as is believed by the physicists, or proving my postulation of non-simultaneity of the two forms, and change from one to another by interaction with matter.

In reality, electromagnetic waves, in general, behave as both photons (packets of energy) and waves; also means that the behavior is unraveled to depending on the subjective observation and measurement mode by the observer. Here the word "observer" does not just mean a "human", but really the mode of observation and measurement. Depending on the serious interests of the readers, I will be glad to disclose the full treatise. Please mind the Heisenberg's "Uncertainty Principle", while understanding the underlying physics of both electromagnetic waves (especially light spectrum part of the EM waves) and photon (behavior) in the "behavior of its duality" to understand it well. Based on the observation and interpretation mode, either Max Plank's version (avatar) or the wave version (avatar is unraveled. Till an observation is made, both of the duality modes are simultaneously present and true at the same time.

The "Duality Principle" which recognizes the "Duality Behavior of Photon versus Wave" is nothing more than a very simplistic and binary understanding of the nature. KRS Murthy postulates that between the two extremes of photon (quanta) and wave states of binary observation, there are infinite numbers of, even in better words, infinite analogue states of behavior seemingly all at the same time.

Similar to the behavior of light with its simplistic perspective of the possible binary states, electrons orbiting around the nucleus, in this case one of the elementary particles meaning and implying matter (and NOT energy) also behaves as a cloud, called the electron cloud. Till the observation process takes place, and more importantly depending on the observation mode, the electron is an individual particle or behaving like a cloud, either individually or multiple electrons together with cloud behavior.

This thought process is true for the nucleus also. The nucleons, protons and neutrons, do not have boundaries, as we would think of for particles; similar to Planck's incorrect understanding and interpretation in terms of quanta or photons. The nucleons share the same space and overlapping space. The nucleons also vibrate, with their shared space in the nucleus oscillating in three dimensions.

These oscillations also manifest as phonon vibrations. For the less educated science students, graduates and professionals, I want to explain the origins of words and terminologies of photon, phonon and others in a separate article. The phonon vibrations are responsible for heat transfer and also sound transmission in solids. It is interesting to note that many of the vibrations and oscillations, another manifestation of the wave behavior of all things from energy to particles to matter; which applies to matter of all sizes and dimensions from subatomic to nano to micro to mega to giga and beyond to universal scale; whether it is a wave or a matter or quanta depends on the relative sizes of the observation probe of instrument, here the probe and instrumentation meaning and referring to the type and wavelength of the electromagnetic wave used for observation and the accuracy and the precision of the used instrumentation.

Do not limit your thinking to light, but extend your imagination to X rays, UV, infrared, microwave and radio waves. Nature manifests its secrets and its multiplicities based the probe. To different probes with different capabilities, nature manifests differently and discriminately.

Behavior and Role of Light in Photovoltaic (PV) Effect

Light has a primary role in the PV effect. When light falls on a PV material, it interacts with the electron in the atom of the PV material. I will explain the full dynamics of this light – electron interaction below:

It is important to remind ourselves that the light has the duality of wave – particle or photon (quanta).
In its wave behavior, light is basically an electromagnetic (EM) wave. The visible part of the light spectrum has many wavelengths, which we as human beings perceive as the VIBGYOR colors. Even though the 7 colors of VIBGYOR are referred to for light, it is actually a continuous spectrum, with one end of red with the longest wavelength to the violet with the shortest wavelength in the visible part of the light.
PV material is made of photodiodes. This is achieved by doping a silicon crystalline wafer to create a photodiode junction.
There are other ways of creating or manufacturing PV material in addition to the silicon crystalline wafer doped to form a photodiodes. I will not discuss other techniques here, but will revert to other types of PV material in another article. My intention in this article is to explain the interaction between light and electron to create a PV current, primarily featuring my specific explanation and treatise of the physics behind the light – electron interaction.
Light being an electromagnetic wave, it has two components, electric field and magnetic field, tightly coupled.
The electric field and the magnetic field are perpendicular or better termed as orthogonal to each other.
These two fields pulsate alternatively. More clearly, when the electric field grows from zero to maximum and wanes back to zero, the magnetic field behaves orthogonally by waning from maximum to zero, followed by growing from zero to maximum.
Changing electric field creates magnetic field; orthogonally, changing magnetic field creates electric field. The two fields act in tandem, like orthogonal partners.
In the specific case of light, both these fields are together in the perpendicular plane to the direction of the transmission of light. As the light is pacing forward, the electric and magnetic fields are also moving with it forward always staying the plane perpendicular to the direction of light.
Effectively, the electric and magnetic fields are rotating like a cork screw additionally moving forward. It is also important and imperative that all these actions are happening at the speed of light.
Depending on the doping details of the PV material, only a limited part of the light spectrum can interact with the electron in the PV material.
As the electromagnetic wave of the light falls on the PV material, the electric and magnetic fields, in their active orthogonally pulsating modes, the EM fields interact with electric field of the electron. Please understand that this interaction in a field interaction between the two electric fields, It is also imperative to remember that the electric fields and the magnetic fields in their physics behavior are orthogonal “Siamese” twins, from birth to death.
The field interaction happens when the electric and magnetic fields come close enough to be mutually affecting each other to the electron, which is always spinning and orbiting around the nucleus. At this very moment, magic happens.
The magic: The electromagnetic wave of light while travelling in free space behaves like a wave. However, at the very moment of the field interactions between the wave “avatar” of light with the electron’s electric field, light wave is under the influence, reciprocally, of the electron which has high momentum, there is a very slight momentum loss to the light wave. This loss of momentum on the part of the light wave instantly and magically results in the manifestation of photo, the light quanta. The photon quanta is born. This light wave now is a photon particle.
The momentum loss to the light wave, is actually a gain for the electron particle dislodging it from its bond with the atom, the nucleus and other electrons in the atom. This action of dislodging of the electron simultaneously and instantly creates a hole, or a gap of the negative charge of the dislodged electron.
As the light waves are impinging on the PV material, many electrons are dislodged by the light waves, reborn as photon quanta, at the time of the field interactions.
It is also important to note that the electromagnetic wave of light can exist as a wave only when and as long as the speed, with accompanied momentum is that of the speed of light in free space. Even when the wave looses a very small momentum, in whatever interaction, it loses the property of electromagnetic wave and become a photon particle of quanta proportional to its wavelength. The birth of the photon particle is instantaneously the death of the wave property of light. In this important sense, the electromagnetic light wave is NOT photon with its behavior of duality of wave and particle. In fact, the two are different and not the two different behavior of the same.
Murthy boldly states and postulates: The electromagnetic light wave minus the momentum loss, in any of various interactions of the wave with its environment gives birth to the reduced momentum of the photons. Without this loss, the light will remain an electromagnetic wave.
When any matter, including particles and elementary particles, reaches the speed of light, it is transformed into an electromagnetic wave, and will cease to be matter or particle. It always needs the death of one to become the other in both directions in momentum change. Unlike any momentum changes and momentum transfers in nature, the electromagnetic wave of light’s death to become photon particle / quanta is unique. This is the magic of the transformation of particle of photon of certain quanta to electromagnetic wave and vice versa, in the unique process in nature.
Even though, I have presented the example of the electromagnetic wave of light becoming a photon, the same principle of physics applies to the full spectrum of the electromagnetic waves above violet to X-rays, as example, and infrared, microwave and radio waves as examples.
In fact, the great scientist Albert Einstein demonstrated the particle behavior of light in his famous photoelectric effect. He is one of my heroes. However, you may note that this great scientist and all scientists who have followed have not explained the actual physics behind the so called “particle or wave property of light” as a duality behavior. I have gone to a further important understanding and disclosed in this article that there is a momentum change (loss) or exchange if you consider the two participants in the process, required for an electromagnetic wave to become a momentum loser at which instant a photon is born, The photon particle behavior is NOT a dual property of light; it is a death and birth process at the same time.

Historical Background of Physics on this topic of Duality

Birthday of Quantum Mechanics

On this day (12/14) in 1900, Max Planck presented his theoretical derivation which explained the ultraviolet catastrophe by suggesting that all electromagnetic energy, including light, emits only in indivisible packets, or quanta, whose energy is given by E = hf (where h is a constant, Planck’s constant, and f is the frequency of the EM wave). With this assertion, not only was the ultraviolet catastrophe solved, but it gave birth to one of the pillars of physics, quantum physics.

In 1905, Einstein practically demonstrated the existence of the quanta, or the light packets, with his experiments on photoelectric effect. Max Planck went on to win the Nobel Prize in 1918.

Ultraviolet catastrophe refers to the problem which the physicists of pre-1900 faced with respect to electromagnetic emission from a blackbody (such as our Sun) which has the capacity to emit range of every frequency of EM waves. Such a blackbody should have, according to the prevailing theory of those days that light and all EM emissions are waves, emitted infinite EM energy at the high frequencies (ultraviolet range) which was definitely not the case.

To fix this issue the Max Planck postulated that EM energy did not follow the classical description of waves, but could only oscillate or be emitted in discrete packets of energy, called quanta or photons. With this postulate, one could explain the observed data as follows: at lower frequencies (higher wavelength, lower energy) the energy from each photon was so little that, even with large number of them, they did not add up to much. At higher frequencies (smaller wavelength, higher energy), each photon had a large energy content but there weren’t many of them as it required a large amount of energy to make one (high frequency, high energy) photon. Therefore at both the lower and higher frequencies, there was a limiting factor on the maximum possible intensity of emission. This could therefore explain the trailing-off of the intensity of emission on both ends and the peaking at some frequency which is a function of the temperature. With Planck’s discrete energy packets, quanta or the photon, the catastrophe was thus averted and Quantum Mechanics was born.

Wave–particle duality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality