Murthy on the Limits of the Universe

Limits of the Universe

Murthy's Perspectives on Max Planck, Planck's Constant and Planck's Limit
KRS Murthy

Max Planck was a great scientist who lived during the later half of the 19th century and the early part of 20th century. He is famous for his work that has memorialized his name and even the constant h, that relates the speed of light C, wavelength of light Lambda, frequency of light f and the energy contained in the light E. The Planck's constant is so small. that it is also considered a limit of any observation. Metrology at that scale, close to the Planck's limit is difficult and even impossible that we do not have any energy probe smaller and in that region. Planck's constant, Planck's length and Planck's time constant is smaller than any fundamental particle known to the scientists.

Scientists have found that the empty space, as we call it, is extremely active in Planck's space and time scale that matter and antimatter particle pairs arise and disappear very regularly in space and time. The matter and antimatter particle pairs come into existence and quickly annihilate all in the space and time scale. It is not known about the energy required for this appearance and immediate disappearance, and the source of energy.

The strange and completely unknown dark matter and dark energy existing in the universal scale is still not understood and not observed through direct scientific observation. even though the dark matter makes up 20 percent and the dark energy makes up 75 percent of the know universe, leaving only 5 percent of the observable universe. Of course, at the Planck's scale to the universal scale, everything is the universe, as we know it.

On the higher end of the scale, speed of light becomes the limit, particularly the full know expanse of the universe, to observe or measure. Already because of the sizes of the cosmic objects like galaxies, clusters and super clusters of galaxies, super giant and super massive stars, the observable limit is the higher end of the limit.

The equation: e=hc/lambda strangely connects the two limits Planck's constant and c the speed of light in free space. There is also a lower limit for lambda, the wavelength, which reciprocally implies to the upper limit for the frequency of the radiation or energy. The universe has both the lower and upper limits, plus the limit for the measurement of time to the smallest to the longest.

The actual size of the observable universe is 46 billion light-years in any direction, even though the universe began only 13.8 billion years ago, the limit on the size of the universe any observer can see in the electromagnetic spectrum, light being a small part of this spectrum. This is called the observable universe. A light year is the distance travelled by light in one year. The speed of light referred to here is 

The philosophical implications of this upper and lower limits of observation by the very particles, energy and radiation that the universe is made of. In the philosophy of India, called the "sanaatana dharma", which is falsely called as Hinduism, the universe is unbound in space and time, with absolutely no limits of any kind. Other religions and traditions of the world are infantile and puny in magnanimity, depth and being ancient in tens of thousands of years compared to all other religions and traditions, with no exceptions. Strangely, the newer the religion, the poor in scope, vision, simple logic.

Dr. KRS Murthy
http://krsmurthyprofile.blogspot.com/
(408)-464-3333
2016KRSMurthy@Gmail.Com
Skype: drkrsmurthy

Murthy on Axioms and Urgency for Foundational Revolution of the Axiomatic Approach

Murthy on Axioms and Urgency for Foundational Revolution of the Axiomatic Approach

KRS Murthy

About Axioms

Axioms are the fundamental and foundational tenants of a corpus of knowledge of a discipline, part of a discipline, its practice, discussions and debates, both answered and unanswered. The axioms are assumed to be true and applicable in all pontifications of the compendium of knowledge or knowledge which is part of a discipline.

A group of axioms normally make up the fundamental and foundational basis of the knowledge corpus, and all aspects, branches and paths of the discipline.

The different axioms are and should be totally independent of each other. No axiom would be a derivative or a corollary of the other axioms, independently or multiple axioms combined or compounded in any fashion. The different axioms stand on their own.

If any one of the axioms are modified, deleted or omitted partially or wholly, even though very slightly, the whole corpus would change in many aspects and knowledge base, and also any of the resulting implications and conclusions, interim and final.

What are Axioms and their Importance

The axioms always include the following:

1. The alphabets, special characters, characters unique to an interpreting language, superscripts, subscripts, numbers, symbols, notations, legends, pictorial or conceptual icons used and applicable for all other axioms, the corpus of knowledge and all its addendums, extensions, footnotes, hypertexts, metadata and meta-knowledge. The meanings, interpretations and full set of implications and influences are part of this axiom.
2. The language used in all the axioms, and further all aspects and the whole corpus of knowledge derived, discussed, debated, summarized and presented. The language includes all words, the alternative spellings, acronyms, short forms and abbreviations, vocabulary, synonyms, homonyms, library, dictionary, thesaurus, grammar with all gramatical derivatives, figures of speech, the prepositions, conjunctions, parts of speech, proverbs if any,
3. As necessary, and if the corpus of knowledge requires and are actually used and practiced, translated, interpreted and used in any form in multiple languages, each of the previous axioms should be supplemented in the necessary different languages.
4. All communications, verbal or written, or represented in any one or more of the multimedia forms, including and not limited to graphs, charts, geometrical representations, photographs, cartoons, symbolic representations, figures, flow charts, movies, virtual reality, augmented reality, annotations, hypertexts, hyperlinks, footnotes, references, table of contents, metadata, electronic communications, visual and musical communications, exclamations, intonations, body language, in all variations and varieties of the previously listed items.
5. The different axioms with full details of their different and unique interpretations.

Murthy's Urgent Concerns on Foundations of Knowledge related to Axiomatic Foundations

1. Optionally, which will NOT be part of the axioms, various interpretations and their respective and even combined derivatives and their implications of the axioms could be used as an addendum, and especially as a helpful set of notes for the users.
2. Languages and other form of communications, will be an integral part of foundations on which the all aspects and facets of the knowledge corpus is built, stored and shared. For this reason, the language and all forms of communications should be precise to 100% level, with no exceptions and leniency.
3. Languages, and all other non linguistic based communications even more importantly, should be very precise for the corpus of knowledge to be perfect, for any lack of perfection makes the corpus very weak and even not able to withstand misinterpretations and sometimes contain inaccuracies.
4. Incomplete, inadequate and incorrect interpretations during translations between many languages will result into the corpus of knowledge unreliable and even ridden with untraceable as the corpus grows in time in complexity, depth and size, which will only multiply and grow exponentially, rendering the axioms mutated over time.
5. Incomplete, inadequate and incorrect interpretations during translations and interpretations between many forms of communication will result into the corpus of knowledge unreliable and even ridden with untraceable as the corpus grows in time in complexity, depth and size, which will only multiply and grow exponentially, rendering the axioms mutated over time.
6. Essence in the axioms, and their precision, are vital to the robustness and reliability of the corpus of knowledge, of which the languages, translations between languages, translations and interpretations between different media of communications are integral parts of transmission, dissemination and growth of the corpus of knowledge without any loss of the effectiveness and veracity of the axiomatic foundations.
7. Languages and other media of communications are created, consumed, nurtured and disseminated by humans for many centuries, and in the recent decades by computers, internet and other electronic media; as humans are by nature fallible, and computing and other electronic methodologies less likely, axioms and the corpus of knowledge are not in good and reliable hands.
8. Could we create self correcting, with routine vigilance, fault tolerant and more prudently resilient schema in the axiomatic foundations and the ever growing corpus of knowledge, that is self regulating and maintaining close to 100% precision and reliability; schema itself to be resilient?
9. It is important and imperative to note that the number of disciplines, subjects and their axiomatic foundations have exponentially increased in the recent centuries and few millennia, and even more aggressively in the last century.
10. Multidisciplinary growth like nanotechnology, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, machine learning and even new mathematical, scientific and creative arts disciplines make it a case for urgency to address the very theme and concerns I have propounded in this brief introduction, which I will follow up with additional creative writing, talks, webinars and conferences, plus set up a like minded, and equally concerned team, for detailing in the thought processes of the this brief introduction.
11. I have lot more to write and speak in the following communications, that is loading up in my mind and heart with a serious sense of urgency.

Feel free to write to me if you are interested to learn and contribute 
at: 

DrKRSMurthy2017@Gmail.Com

or call me directly on (408)-464-3333

or on my Skype ID: DrKRSMurthy

Dr. KRS Murthy

http://krsmurthyprofile.blogspot.com/

(408)-464-3333

DrKRSMurthy2017@Gmail.Com

Skype: drkrsmurthy

Murthy's Innovative Paradigms for the Jury Systems in USA and the World

Murthy's Innovative Paradigms for the Jury Systems in USA and the World

KRS Murthy

Historical Anthropological Introduction

We are all familiar with the jury system of US legal system, at least at a conceptual level. Other countries of the world also still practice the jury system, even though the jury system and its basic paradigm is probably as old as the human history.

Even in the animal world, in the most basic form, if any one member is deviant from the norms of the herd or flock which is the community, other adult animals intervene to discourage the deviant animal member, and sometimes deter the deviant behavior as a group effort, sometimes even punishing if the deviant animal does not conform or heed to the benefit of the community, after initial discouragement and warning. This is an attestation to a harmonious community which is called a herd or a flock in the animal kingdom. In the case of an intruder to the herd from outside the herd, the whole herd participates in defending the herd against the intruder and to regain the peace of the herd.

The Humans and History of Jury System

Early humans, aborigines, and modern humans have steadily reformed this innate group effort to thwart any disturbance from a deviant member of the group and also the intruders from another group. In the last few millennia and especially the last few centuries, gradual development of leadership echelon of the human tribes or community have been developed, the senior males, and even the senior males forming a close alliance making up of the echelon, with a structured approach to dealing with deviant behaviors and activities in a group effort. More formalized communications developed in this leadership echelon in the administration and ensuring of constructive communications in formalized procedures, which over time given rise to the jury system. From vagabond human groups slowly into settled and civilized societies mostly close to natural resources, especially water and food resources, the humans have developed improved formalized jury systems, even though the membership limited to males, resources and assets rich and physically dominant males, rarely the females, The privilege of being a member of the jury was also based on seniority in age, as some cultures and civilized communities with respect to the wisdom of life experience of the older males, still not the privilege of the older females in the male dominant societies.

Even in USA, and most western countries considered as advanced, the jury system was reserved for the privileged males even in the recent centuries, excluding the working class, excluding all women of all classes, with the definition of ownership of assets and wealth as the selection criteria. Only these privileged wealthy men has the right to vote anyway, with all others left to be in the work class. This was unfortunately true in other countries and continents, of all races and cultures also. In countries like China, Japan, Korea, India and others in Asia, the practice of class and caste has existed, dividing the members of the societies into ruling and the “noble” class with privileges, other working class with only work all their life. Africa was no different, before and after the colonization by the European countries. While privileged part of the different tribes in Africa maintained all administrative control including the legal and policing aspects. After colonization by the Europeans, and even the Arabs, all privileges were striped for the native Africans, with only the whites and Arabs with all privileges.

Is it a right, privilege and a mandatory duty to be in the jury process?

Coming to the recent times, which took various agitations and struggles, all citizens in USA are bestowed with the privilege and rights of being on the jury in the court proceedings, which is called the “jury of the peers”. It is ironical that the other side of the privilege or right to be in jury of peers is the “duty” more than right. This that the “duty” is mandated, by the act of summons, which in practice means “you shall attend and participate in the jury system” on specified dates, with limited options for excuses. The citizen could be busy at work with deadlines, running a business requiring the that the business can run smoothly only when the citizen in running it, or any other reason of financial or work forbidding upkeep by loosing days sitting in various stages of selection, and through the full trial as need by the court. It is mandate from the court. It is strange transition of societal status of either privileged or not privileged to duty and mandate, with mandated dates not in control of the citizen, but arbitrarily decided by a lottery, random, but once selected in that random process turns into a summons and a mandate, exclusive of any genuine reasons of the citizen.

The Jury Selection Process: You are Summoned to be a Jury

The crux of this summons and mandate is that, given a chance, no citizen is interested to be summoned and mandated, and also participating in the jury process, with no limit to the number days required to be away from professional, business or family responsibilities and obligations, practically for pennies per hour, far less than the minimum wage. The jury selection process is ridden with numerous loopholes, that most of the citizens, who get from simply waiting in the courtroom or the court building waiting in crowded waiting rooms, to the jury selection bench, use various tactics to be “excused” by the presiding judge, which excuse only means that the defending and the prosecuting attorneys or the judge have come to a conclusion that the “excused citizen” is not suitable with a special context of “bias” of the citizen that is not in the best interest of either attorney or the judge. It would be very interesting for anyone to see the drama of the citizens on the jury selection bench only to make statements and responses to a series of questions from the judge and also the attorneys on both sides of the case to “happily” get branded as “biased” and not suitable to be jury, only to be excused. Once excused, the citizen gets to leave the court and let off the hook.

Are you really a “Peer” in the “Jury of the Peers”?

If you are summoned, you are considered a “peer” in the community, only by the trivial nature and qualifications that you are a citizen, and one among many citizens in the city or county. The peer concept and its definition might have been meaningful during the times people lived in villages or small close knit communities, when you practically knew the names and family of each other for many years, the number of peers were only in hundreds or thousands, surely not in hundreds of thousands and millions.

We live in cities, big and small, not even knowing our next door neighbors, or others in the same apartment complex. We are all strangers and not peers. We are not peers in the sense of individual and family backgrounds, education, language, culture, race, religion, work and especially intellectually. In small and big cities, townships and counties, intellectually, financially, emotionally and in all aspects of the personality, we statistically are far apart from each other than to be considered peers. The current jury system to be renamed as “Jury of Total Strangers”. The jury selection may take many court sessions and days, and sometimes more than a week.

After Selection as a Jury

Once the jury selection is over, the selected jury listen to the court proceedings to include the legal statements and arguments, the statements and directions of the presiding judge, and all aspects of the case. This may take many court sessions, days, weeks and months depending on the case.

After hearing the whole proceedings, the jury deliberations will start that may take many sessions or days, and sometimes a week or more, depending on the complexity of the case. During the jury deliberations and in the process of jury verdict, all members of the jury are considered equal and equally logical. The actuality would be far from such equality in any one or more of the dimensions of intellectual caliber, educational backgrounds and accomplishments, logical prowess, various implicit or explicit biases, composure and tolerance for arguments and difference of opinions, emotional profile and tolerances, and most of the times oral and written competences, and in a multicultural and multilingual society with immigrants from many countries of the world not able to speak, write and comprehend English ably.

All Chinese immigrants, Koreans, Japanese and other Asian immigrants, with the clear exception of few English educated countries like from the Indian subcontinent, even after their higher education in USA with master and doctoral degrees speak and write with very little sense of grammar and parts of speech, and surely very inferior in legal English language. It is the same pathetic situation for immigrants from middle east, Mexico, South America and most parts of Africa. Their English vocabulary is far inferior to some of us privileged with high caliber oral and written English. We could also rename the “Jury of the Peers” as the “Jury of Unequal Brains”.

This problem extends to American born citizens also. In addition to the on par English oral and written abilities, logical thinking is not bestowed on all human beings, as all humans are not born equal, not educated equal, not intellectually equal, not equal in emotional intelligence. Common citizens are commoners, and surely not knowledgeable in law, legal proceedings and corpus of legal and logical knowledge. The legal discipline is very specialized, requiring many years of university education, specially in the field of law. Even those who are attorneys by profession with many years of education, training, internship and professional practice, including those in legal academia and judges specialize in one area of law.

Murthy's Novel Paradigm in Jury System and Methods

The current jury system is ridden with numerous loopholes, as explained in previous paragraphs. I conclude that the Jury system is not suitable to be continued, especially in the 21^st century. I propose that we develop a computer based artificial intelligence tools and techniques, with additional machine learning or deep learning schema. If we have autonomous cars, autonomous airborne systems like drones, UAVs (Unmanned Areal Vehicles), airplanes, air force and other military jet speed airplanes, rockets, satellites, moon and mars landing spacecraft, and spacecraft journeying to far away planets even destined to outside our solar systems, AI and expert system capable jury system could be trained using machine learning to takeover as the “Jury of the 21^st Century”.

The courts in many of its functions, including all legal trials, should embrace the computing, AI and expert systems paradigm. Please contact me to discuss if you are interested at:

KRS Murthy

DrKRSMurthy2017@Gmai.Com 

or call me directly on (408)-464-3333

or if are from outside USA on Skype ID: DrKRSMurthy

Dr. KRS Murthyhttp://krsmurthyprofile.blogspot.com/(408)-464-33332016KRSMurthy@Gmail.ComSkype: drkrsmurthy

Murthy's Reality of the Duality: Photon and light wave are not just part of the duality

Murthy's Reality of the Duality: 

Photon and light wave are not just part of the duality

KRS Murthy

I have given a different explanation to show that the current understanding of the wave-particle duality is false.

Great scientists and physics enthusiasts alike use the words photon and light as if they are same, and that is part of the wave - particle duality. I will clarify with my realistic perspectives. I will even challenge the current understanding of the wave - particle duality and the very nature of light. I will also postulate the nature of particles, especially elementary or fundamental particles, different states and types of matter, energy and the nature of the electromagnetic wave.

I will be using the word "photon" to the particle and the particle nature of the proton. I will be using the word "light" to refer to the electromagnetic wave, and the electromagnetic nature of light. I will explain why light as an electromagnetic wave is very different from the photon, which is a particle.

Photon is an elementary particle, which has a speed of travel less than that of the electromagnetic wave that is light. When a photon is released from an atom, which happens when one of the electrons of the atom in an exited state returns to its normal state, with the photon quanta is the difference of the energy of the electron in the exited state to its normal state. The photon released from the electron is ejected with that quantum of energy. One the photon is released it will be a photon, and once it reaches the speed of light, it "becomes" an electromagnetic wave, and ceases to be a photon, which is a magical transformation. Till the photon released from the electron of the atom becomes light wave, it would have remained a particle, even though for a very short time. This transformation is a magical metamorphic one from a particle to a wave. Photon does not have any charge and only very little mass. Upon this magic transformation, the particle would cease to exist, with an electromagnetic wave born. The mass disappears, at the same instant of time of this metamorphic transformation, while an electromagnetic wave is born. It is very important to note that the photon does not have any charge and no electromagnetic property. The disappearance of the mass of the photon, as a particle, even though very small, is vital for the wave to have the speed.

Let us now look at the reverse metamorphic transformation of the light wave to become a photon. When a light wave comes under the influence of an electron in an atom, as in the example of a photo electric effect or photo voltaic (PV) effectature, the light wave which has the electromagnetic property and no mass comes into the influence of electric charge of the electron. The electron in motion and orbiting the nucleus, with its negative electric charge, also has magnetic momentum and spin. The electromagnetic wave of light and the electric and magnetic properties of the electron interact with each other, with electric and magnetic mutual influence and interaction. This interaction renders the light wave to a metamorphic transformation, of loss of energy quantum that simultaneously adds to the energy of the receiving electron which would be enough to dislodge the electron from its orbit around the nucleus.

The metamorphic transformation of the photon to an electromagnetic wave of light in only one example of this behavior of transformation from matter to energy. Any fundamental particle in nature, not limited to photon, when it reaches the speed of light, "becomes" light. I am using the word "becomes" to allude to the metamorphic transformation of matter to energy. This transformation is routinely observable in the nature between photon particle, which is a matter, to the electromagnetic light wave. Other particles have significantly more mass making it an uncommon observation in the nature. Using modern accelerators, one could conceive of approaching the speed of light for other fundamental particles.

Once the photon metamorphic transformation to the electromagnetic wave of light happens, as the mass disappears, further acceleration to speeds faster that light is impossible. It is important to note that only mass can be accelerated. Mass is the property of only matter, including the elementary particles. Lightwave is NOT matter making it impossible to accelerate it anymore. That is the reason the speed of light is the limit. Please note that I have given a different explanation for the speed limit, that of the lightwave, in the nature.

Dr. KRS Murthy
http://krsmurthyprofile.blogspot.com/
(408)-464-3333
2016KRSMurthy@Gmail.Com
Skype: drkrsmurthy

Intelligence in Nature: both life and inanimate

Intelligence in Nature: Both life and Inanimate

KRS Murthy

The nature we live in, are part of and participate in has intelligence, resilience and adaptation, built in at different of its dimensions, parts and between the parts. At elementary particle levels of matter, subatomic, nano, micro, macro, mega, giga, zeta and universal levels these properties vary, but are actually built from the smallest through intermediary scales to universal scale. Continuous evolution is the ultimate purpose at all levels. Continuous creation is the game.

The life forms as currently known and understood exhibit innately present survival properties, evolution properties and self duplication properties, all requiring certain internal and external conditions. Parts and aspects of these sets of activities and behaviors include sensing the external conditions, interacting with the external conditions, benignly and aggressively.  This is similarly true even in the inanimate world as well.

I will discuss the above seemingly abstract statements with examples in the following paragraphs and sections of this document / blog.

Starting from amoeba stage of life, through intermediary phases of the evolution of life to the humans, the properties and behaviors mentioned earlier are exhibited. The amoeba developed the property and capability to self replicate. This is actually made up of and built out of the property of matter that make up the amoeba, built from the constituent parts of matter, which by themselves do not have the property of the whole; the uniqueness of the configuration of the constituent parts making up the organism, and most importantly the ability to harvest matter and energy from its external environment, plus the internal configuration duplicating engine makes it a biological organism.  The organism with all these properties is known to us as life. One aspect of adaptation is to be able to mutate as needed, or even randomly experimenting in the act of mutation, to ultimately create an adapted configuration. After many of the adaptation driven mutations, the series of mutations gives rise to a different species of life.

These qualities of resilience, interaction with external environment and also the adaptation are the embedded suite of properties of all matter and energy, even down to the fundamental elements of matter and similarly energy, all in the inanimate world. All charged particles announce their presence with a charge field around them. They also interact with the field around them that may be from other charged particles. All charged particles discriminate action and interaction with other particles based on the type of charge, positive or negative. Negative charge repels other negative charges with “hatred”, whereas displays intense love towards positive charges. Similar action and reaction is displayed by positive charges repelling other positive charges and attracting negative charges. Particles without any charge simply “ignore” other particles with either positive or negative charges.

The electron in an atom absorbs the energy of any photo that comes in its vicinity, only to spit it out later. Atoms bond with each other by sharing an electron between them. With such bonds many atoms may come together to form a “family”, that we call as molecule. The family of molecules acts as one entity with the bonds between them vibrating, not just in one mode, but many modes. Atoms and molecules interplay with energy of all types, wavelengths and frequencies. They “swallow” heat, that we call absorption, and exchange heat energy between each other. The atoms and molecules change their behavior based on the amount of heat absorbed. They may come close to each other as solids, separate from each other after acquiring heat, flowing and gliding past each other, which we call as melting from solid state to liquid state. Atoms and molecules may further acquire heat to fly off from each other in seemingly random directions. Their behavior is not random at all, but to follow the rules very “religiously”, that we call laws of physics. All matter and energy “religiously” follow the different laws of physics. They adhere to the “religious commandments” of the laws of physics, without fail, that they have been from almost the beginning of time, and will follow till the end of time, if at all there is a beginning and an end for their “life” in time.

The atoms came together to form molecules, further to form a chain of molecules, some of the molecular chains accidentally forming configurations that we call as DNAs and RNAs, that further have a combined behavior, that we call as life. It is nothing but the combined behavior or property of life, even though such a property exists by coordinated activity of many molecules and atoms as the “dance performance” on the “stage of this earth”. This dance performance has been happening for billions of years on the earth.

Yes, both life in many forms, simple to very complex, and the inanimate objects in all forms and phases of matter, along with energy of different types, rhythmic dances in a variety of frequencies coexist, one form transforming to the other. We are ourselves parts and participants in the dance and drama on the earth. The earth is just a miniscule in the whole universal stage. Intelligence is a property of the both life and inanimate world. 

True Nature of a Rays of Light KRS Murthy

True Nature of a Rays of Light

KRS Murthy

I will explain the true nature of light in this document. I will start by a quiz like introduction to tease and titilate your mind. I will also give you the answer for each simple quiz.

1. Quiz: When you see a white light why is the color white? What is the true nature of the light you are seeing?
   Answer and Explanation: The true nature of light is an electromagnetic pulsations traveling in the direction of the light ray. The rays do not really have any color; they are just electromagnetic in pulsations traveling very fast slightly lower in speed than the light propogation in free space, which is a space that offers no encumberance to the light propogation.
   Sensation of the white light is a combined perception of the different wavelengths when all are present in given respective proportions.
2. Quiz: Why do we see the color of light as white or other VIBGYOR colors?
   Answer and Explanation: The color is the experience in the brain, true for humans and all animals, though the animals have limited power to distinguish the colors of light and the white compared to humans. The lens in the human eye, the different receptors for different wavelengths of light plus the brain provide the sensations of the different colors corresponding to the wavelengths and the combined effect of a white light. Truly, the color and light perceptions as we have is exclusively human sight mechanism. As such the colors we perceive and have named them are simply electromgnetic pulsations of light of different wavelengths.
3. Quiz: What are the rays of light carrying or propogating?
   Answers and Explanations:
   1. Scenario 1: Successive rays of light continuously following and racing behind one another may have different and changing wavelengths. If one pulsation has a given energy, with corresponding wavelength and frequency, the successive pulsations following behind may not have the same energy, wavelength and frequency. The successive pulsations in a given period may over all contain the different wavelengths, and may be proportionately spread to give the perception of white light. Human eye and the brain have a total delay in perceiving the combined effect of the electromagnetic pulsations. The delay amounts to many pulsations incident on the eye per second. In addition, our eye can not perceive a singly ray of light, but combined perception of many rays paassing through our eyes in a unit cross section.

The rays falling in a unit cross section on any object seen by the eye is the scattered rays and not the light incident on the object. Our eye sees white light only if all wavelengths of light totally making up the equivalent of the white light in the right perseption is scattered back from the object and the scattered rays of light is further incident on our eyes.

The scattered light composition of wavelengths depends on the composition of wavelengths of the light incident on the object. As an example if only the wavelength correspending to only one or few colors are present in the light incident on the object, only those colors would be scattered and falling on our eyes. In summary, the perceived color or a combination effect of the colors is dependent on the wavelengths incident on the object and further scattered in the direction of our eye, plus the scattering characteristics of the surface of the object.

Scenario 2: Another scenario is that a ray of light carries pulsations of only one wavelength, including all the different electromagnetic pulsations following one another in the path of a given ray of light. However, in a unit cross section, many rays passing through and propagating may over all have full combination of the spectrum of light corresponding to white light.

For both scenarios 1 and 2, a single ray of light or a combination of rays of light propagating, the propagation history of each ray of light or the combination of the rays of light, starting from the light source or sources, the radiation characteristics of the light source or sources, charecteristics of the propagating medium, the charecteristics of the different particles or objects in the path affect the ray or a group of rays of light, regarding the different rays of light in the group of rays in terms of the wavelengths and the intensity of light. The intensity of light depends on the number of rays passing through a unit cross section. Thus both the wavelengths and combinations of wavelengths and also the intensity depends on light source or sources and the propagation history.

Incorrect or Inconsistent Scientific Interpretations KRS Murthy

Incorrect or Inconsistent Scientific Interpretations

KRS Murthy

1. Most of the scientists who have discovered, and those who have interpreted the phenomena, have made many wrong assumptions, some with lack of understanding of the real nature of light, whereas others for the convenience of simplicity. The electrons in the atoms have been assumed to be at rest, instead of the reality that no electron is at rest, and has never been at rest.
2. They have considered light as a photon some times, and interchangeably considered it as a wave, with no consideration to be consistent, at least based on the situation.
3. The molecular structure, its activity states, vibrational states, rotational states, and intermolecular activities should be broken down to the constituent activities and states in terms of the different atoms, the different electrons of the different atoms, shared activity of the electrons between neighboring atoms.
4. The freedom or lack of any freedom for the electrons as it is bound to the nucleus and the other atoms in the same atom is not even properly considered in most of the analyses and interpretation of the physics behind the activities and interaction of the electrons with, for example light, or other elementary particle of nature.
5. Many scientists are hiding behind mathematics as a shield, back up with no ability to understand or provide as a backup the physical interpretation of the mathematical terms, mathematical expressions and equations of the different steps of derivation and assumptions of the components of the mathematical independent and dependent variables.
6. Diagrammatic presentations, cartoon versions of explanations of physics, graphs and charts have been either misleading or incorrect. For example, many text books, teacher and student notes, research papers, lecture notes present and interpretations show or depict the electromagnetic wave form of light as if it travels like the waves in an ocean or a pond.

Elastic and Inelastic Scattering possible in Full Electromagnetic Spectrum

Elastic and Inelastic Scattering possible in Full Electromagnetic Spectrum

by KRS Murthy

Both elastic and inelastic scattering have been discovered, observed in repeated experiments by many scientists. Many industrial and consumer applications have been found for the elastic and inelastic scattering. However, all these have been limited to only visible light and x-rays.

I postulate that we will be able to discover elastic scattering, and especially inelastic scattering in the full electromagnetic spectrum. Scattering happens when the wavelengths of light, or any part of the electromagnetic spectrum, are comparable to the size of the particles for field interactions to happen. The ratio of the size of the particle, measured or defined in terms of its radius, to the incident wavelength of light determines the probability of field interaction between the light and the particle. In addition, the binding of the electron to the atom, and in an extended bonding relationship with other atoms in a molecule, or a chain of molecules. Every part of the electromagnetic spectrum can be scattered by the right particle, with the right field interaction with one or more electrons or other charged particles, and in an extended relationship with in a larger structure, molecule, chain of molecule or matter that has an effective charge and charge field best suited to interact with the incident electromagnetic wave.

For example, the electron is strongly bond in a carbon atom its nucleus. In graphene, for example, the different carbon atoms are strongly bound, in the hexagonal bond, A diamond has similar, and also a three dimensional bond. That is why diamond can be cut or sliced only by another diamond.

Raman scattering, which is an inelastic scattering, applies to molecules, with scattering happening by incident light interacting with vibrational and rotational modes of the molecules. While in vibration or rotation, the molecules with electric fields would be receptive to interact with the electric and magnetic field pulsations of a ray of light. During the field interaction, the light rays donates a quantum of energy to one or more of the electrons in the different atoms making up the molecule. As the electrons during the field interactions with the rays of light are perturbed. After receiving the energy quantum, the electrons move up in its energy state, from what it was before the field interaction. It is also important to note and understand that the electrons would orbiting around a nucleus, or being a member of the molecule, more so than just an electron in an atom. The electron would be shared between two atoms in its orbiting activity, thus binding the two atoms. The vibrational mode comes from the electrons orbiting and simultaneously tugging the nuclei that the electrons belong. The nuclei respond to the tugging by the electron by oscillating, even though very slightly, due to its proportionately larger mass. In addition to this mode of vibration, the
nuclei and the whole atom experience phonon vibrations due to the temperature and pressure. The phonon vibrations are basically compressions and expansions in the nuclei to nuclei, also atom to atom bond, between the neighboring atoms in the bond, the bond being a manifestation of the shared electron relationships,

The rotations of molecule is due to the bonds between two atoms, being at an angle (in three dimensional degrees of freedom) to the other bonds between another set of neighboring atoms. The angle between the atom to atom bonds creates a torque. The torque gives rise to rotation.

Even though the incident ray of light perturbs the electrons motion in its angular momentum and spin, the ray of light really perturbs the atoms to which the electron belongs, and in turn the whole molecule to which extended bond family the affected electron belongs.

In these inelastic interactions, repeated incidence of many successive rays of light in one or overall many successive field interactions with electrons, most of the times on the average in a short duration impacting the molecules vibration and rotation. Effectively, the rays of light would have perturbed many electrons, thus perturbing many atoms, part of a molecular family. The successive quanta of energy donated by the successive incidence of the rays of light indirectly result in the energy perturbation of the whole molecule.

In the case of inelastic scattering, the energy donated raises the energy state of the molecules, from a pre-incidence of light state that may be the prevailing ground state to a higher vibrational and rotational combination of energy state, only to eventually fall back to the ground state. The medium may have different and diverse molecules making up the medium. Depending on the different molecules of different structures and their response to the incident light, all molecules behave very differently from each other. In addition, the relative concentrations of the different molecules with different characteristic structures in the medium yield different levels of scattering.

Some molecules may scatter more than the others. Overall response of the different molecules will have peaks at different wavelengths. Therefore, many of the scattering modes are basically based and are used in applications based on the intensity of the scattered light at their characteristic wavelengths to determine the composition of the medium.

For example, Raman scattering is very weak. In all applications of Raman scattering, lasers are used for light source, as otherwise the weak Raman scattering will not be practical in the industry. Basically in application of Raman scattering the medium under test is bombarded with laser, which has high intensity, or in other words significantly high number of light rays per unit cross section. 

Rayleigh Scattering - Murthy's Interpretation

Rayleigh Scattering - Murthy's Interpretation

This type of scattering is elastic in nature. This scattering of light by molecules and particulate matter is characterized by their size much smaller than the wavelength of incident light. When light penetrates gaseous, liquid, or solid phases of matter, the result is Rayleigh scattering. Rayleigh scattering intensity has a very strong dependence on the size of the particles. It is proportional to the third power of the diameter of the particle. It is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength of light. Shorter wavelengths in visible white light (violet and blue) are scattered stronger than the longer wavelengths toward the red end of the visible spectrum. This type of scattering is therefore responsible for the blue color of the sky during the day. Orange colors during sunrise and sunset are also due to the Rayleigh scattering. Rayleigh scattering is the main cause of signal loss in optical fibers. The elastic nature of scattering results in no change from incident light wavelength.

With no change in the wavelength as a result of the elastic nature of Rayleigh scattering, only intensity is higher for larger particles, with 3^rd power proportionality; 3^rd power comes from the cross sectional value of the average incidence of the different rays of light that make up the intensity value. The spheroidal nature of the particles, or approximated to a spheroid, is averaged for all the particles in a unit cross section for the different rays of light, as the intensity of the incident light is scattered more for a dense medium with more particles in unit volume. Only a part of the incident light is scattered, with the remaining part passing through unaffected by the particles.

The Gap in Rayleigh Scattering Research, Understanding and the Equation

It is also important to note and understand that the particles in the medium scattering the incident light are not static, but move around in all three freedoms of directions. The movement of the particles depends on the temperature and pressure, as much as the wind in the case of atmosphere. Atmosphere will also have temperature, pressure and wind gradients in three dimensions. These affect the Rayleigh scattering equation, not explored, discussed or accounted for by scientists doing research in Rayleigh scattering.

Cause for the Elasticity of Rayleigh Scattering

I am explaining here the root cause for elasticity in Rayleigh scattering. Firstly, the particles are much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light in the conditions of Rayleigh scattering. The electron orbits are also much smaller than the wavelengths. The very size and the electric charge fields of the electrons are miniscule compared to the incident light wavelengths. Wavelength is basically and fundamentally the distance travelled by the light ray between successive crests or successive troughs of the electric and magnetic fields of the light. Therefore, there is no field interaction possible between the ray of light and the orbiting electron, meaning no change in wavelength or frequency. No energy quantum transfer from the incident light to the electron means no change in energy of the incident light ray, also meaning no change in frequency or wavelength.

The incident light scatters away in all three dimensions, with its wavelength unaltered. As the particle size is small for the condition of Rayleigh scattering shorter wavelengths scatter more than the longer wavelengths. In Rayleigh scattering in earth's atmosphere blue is scattered much more than the longer wavelengths.

The sunlight arriving directly from the sun therefore appears to be slightly yellow while the light scattered through rest of the sky appears blue. During sunrises and sunsets, the Rayleigh scattering effect is much more noticeable due to the increased density of air and particles near the earth's surface through which sunlight passes.

In contrast, the water droplets which make up clouds are of a comparable size to the wavelengths in visible light, and the scattering is described by Mie's model rather than that of Rayleigh. Here, all wavelengths of visible light are scattered approximately identically and the clouds therefore appear to be white or grey.

Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of Light by KRS Murthy

Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of Light

KRS Murthy

What is Intensity of Light?

I have already discussed a “ray of light” as the most basic electromagnetic form of light. A beam of light is made up of many rays of light. The intensity of a beam of light depends and is proportional to the number of rays of light passing through a unit cross section. In other words. A beam of light will become less intense as it moves forward, due to different kind of losses, and more importantly dispersion that increases with the distance travelled by the beam made up of the rays of light. The number of rays of light in the beam in a unit cross section reduces, due to the spreading of the beam, in addition to other losses due to scattering by air or dust particles, and also absorption.

The Medium

Depending on the medium in which the beam of light is traversing, the index of diffraction plays a role in how the different wavelengths, and corresponding frequencies, of light. For example, in the visible light part of the electromagnetic spectrum, the smaller wavelengths (correspondingly higher frequencies) have relatively more energy. The violet rays have higher energy than indigo, which in turn relatively have higher energy than blue. Red has the least energy in the visible light part of the spectrum. Based on the energy, and the index of diffraction of the medium, the different colors of light travel at different speeds, and thus get separated from each other, in the temporal dimension.

When the index of the medium is 1, the light has zero diffraction. However, air also has index higher than 1, which depends on the number and type of particles of matter per unit area or volume, and the state of matter, in the air, lower with closer to unity and higher proportionately higher in the refractive index. In addition to the index, loss due to scattering and absorption. Keep in mind that the scattering of light by a particle depends on the size and composition of the particle, and also the angle of incident of light on the particle. Scattering can happen in all directions in the three dimensional space, with respect to the angle of incidence in the three dimensional space.

Scattering is Necessary in Nature

The most vital and essential nature of light is scattering, that enables us to see objects, near and far, and also distinguish the distances of different objects in our field of view, and similar for animals. If you see a beam of light coming through your windows and other openings on an easy Sunday morning, thank the dust particles in the air in your house. If you didn't know, most of the dust particles in your house, even when practically sealed tightly from outside dust to enter your house, are the dead cells on the skins of you body, of your coinhabitants, and animals. Off course, the animals shed their body hair also, as even the human beings, albeit to a lower extent.

Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of Light

To explain the difference between the elastic and inelastic scattering, let us take the analogy of a rubber ball bounced on the a flat even surface. When you bounce the ball it bounces back, even though with loss due friction, and few other physical loss. If the incident energy and momentum is same as the bouncing energy and momentum, it is elastic bouncing; in the case of scattering it is elastic scattering. If the returning energy is different, its is inelastic scattering.

When light is incident on a particle or a molecule, both elastic and inelastic scattering could happen, depending on the size and shape of the particle or molecule, current energy, vibrational, rotational and a variety of other static and dynamic properties of the particle or molecule.

Let us discuss different types of elastic and inelastic light scattering modes, first the general overview, followed by current understanding of the physics, and my interpretation going to the root of the basics and fundamentals of nature of light and its interaction with matter to include the elementary particles, electric and magnetic field interactions, and the way it affects at atomic and molecular levels.

It is also important to note and remember my explanation of intensity of incident light, compared to a single ray of light. Most of the scattering discoveries and their interpretation, as well as their engineering, technological, industrial and commercial applications are all based on the physical effects in terms of intensity, and not very much at individual ray of light detail.

My interpretation delves and dives into the interaction at individual ray level focused on interaction of individual light ray with elementary particles like the electrons, which play a pivotal and primary role in all interactions, effects, and behaviour in nature.