Murthy on the Limits of the Universe

Limits of the Universe

Murthy's Perspectives on Max Planck, Planck's Constant and Planck's Limit
KRS Murthy

Max Planck was a great scientist who lived during the later half of the 19th century and the early part of 20th century. He is famous for his work that has memorialized his name and even the constant h, that relates the speed of light C, wavelength of light Lambda, frequency of light f and the energy contained in the light E. The Planck's constant is so small. that it is also considered a limit of any observation. Metrology at that scale, close to the Planck's limit is difficult and even impossible that we do not have any energy probe smaller and in that region. Planck's constant, Planck's length and Planck's time constant is smaller than any fundamental particle known to the scientists.

Scientists have found that the empty space, as we call it, is extremely active in Planck's space and time scale that matter and antimatter particle pairs arise and disappear very regularly in space and time. The matter and antimatter particle pairs come into existence and quickly annihilate all in the space and time scale. It is not known about the energy required for this appearance and immediate disappearance, and the source of energy.

The strange and completely unknown dark matter and dark energy existing in the universal scale is still not understood and not observed through direct scientific observation. even though the dark matter makes up 20 percent and the dark energy makes up 75 percent of the know universe, leaving only 5 percent of the observable universe. Of course, at the Planck's scale to the universal scale, everything is the universe, as we know it.

On the higher end of the scale, speed of light becomes the limit, particularly the full know expanse of the universe, to observe or measure. Already because of the sizes of the cosmic objects like galaxies, clusters and super clusters of galaxies, super giant and super massive stars, the observable limit is the higher end of the limit.

The equation: e=hc/lambda strangely connects the two limits Planck's constant and c the speed of light in free space. There is also a lower limit for lambda, the wavelength, which reciprocally implies to the upper limit for the frequency of the radiation or energy. The universe has both the lower and upper limits, plus the limit for the measurement of time to the smallest to the longest.

The actual size of the observable universe is 46 billion light-years in any direction, even though the universe began only 13.8 billion years ago, the limit on the size of the universe any observer can see in the electromagnetic spectrum, light being a small part of this spectrum. This is called the observable universe. A light year is the distance travelled by light in one year. The speed of light referred to here is 

The philosophical implications of this upper and lower limits of observation by the very particles, energy and radiation that the universe is made of. In the philosophy of India, called the "sanaatana dharma", which is falsely called as Hinduism, the universe is unbound in space and time, with absolutely no limits of any kind. Other religions and traditions of the world are infantile and puny in magnanimity, depth and being ancient in tens of thousands of years compared to all other religions and traditions, with no exceptions. Strangely, the newer the religion, the poor in scope, vision, simple logic.

Dr. KRS Murthy
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