Stellar Evolution in Murthy's Gravity Model Interpretation

Stellar Evolution in Murthy's Gravity Model Interpretation

Krs Murthy

NOTE 1: The name molecular cloud is used in the scientific literature in cosmology and stellar evolution. However, the cloud actually consists of predominantly hydrogen atoms, and some percentage pf helium, and extremely small percentage of higher elements. However, they are all atoms, not molecules.

NOTE 2: I am conforming to other scientists and other writers by using the word “molecule” in this writing. Please read in your mind “atom” when you see the word “molecule” in this article. I am seriously considering deviating from other scientists and writer and use the word “atom” in my writing and lectures very soon.

Stars are formed in regions of molecular clouds and cosmic dust called nebula. The word nebula, the plural being nebulae is just Latin word for cloud. These areas of cloud are very large areas of the universe, present in many areas. For example, the vast areas between stars are known as the interstellar cloud.

The different parts of these clouds have different densities. The differential densities cause movement of different areas of the cloud. During these movements of cloud areas of different densities, nucleation of higher concentrations happen. A wide variety of nucleations and nucleations of different sizes, densities, and vigor happen. Some nucleations may grow, while others may die out, which is akin to abortions in human and animal pregnancy. Nucleations proximate to each other may combine, or larger nucleations may gobble up smaller nucleations. Once a critical nucleation size, density, and intensity levels are reached, there would be no turning back.

The molecular cloud around the center of the nucleations are sucked in as the molecular cloud collapses into the nucleations, with the combined cloud collapsing under its own weight. The analogy for us to easily imagine this process is that of the whirlpool generation in a body of water like a pond, lake, river or ocean. Whirl nucleations in bodies of water happen frequently enough, but many die out without enough critical mass, size and vigor are reached. Once a whirling picks up, there is no turning back. It is also important to note that even in the molecular clouds, after farming into nebulae, the successful nucleations may start whirling, or rotating around an axis, to draw in the surrounding molecular clouds. The collapse of the molecular cloud sets in motion of the formation of the phase in star formation called “protostar”.

Murthy's Gravity Model and Interpretation of the Star Formation Process

I have written articles on my interpretation of the play of gravity in the space-time continuation. I will provide references for the readers.

Every object, however small like the elementary particles, and all large objects like planets, stars, galaxies, galaxy clusters, super galactic size monsters, and including black holes subtend a well in the three dimensional (3D), space and time continuum, that I call them as “gravity wells”. The gravity wells may be small and shallow as in the cases of smaller objects. In large and super large objects, the gravity wells would be very deep and wide. The deep and wide gravity wells of the large and massive objects cast a wide gravity trap net around them so that any other object smaller and less massive would be drawn in trapped to fall into its gravity well. After the trapping, the two gravity wells become merged into one larger and deeper gravity well. Successive such gravity well mergers create larger and deeper gravity wells, through the accumulation of mass.

When an object is dense with much mass in small space, the gravity well is narrow and deep, whereas, in the example of a molecular cloud and nebulae, the density of mass makes the gravity well shallow and wide, around a given area/region of the molecular cloud. As the nucleations happen, the mass density increases in that area of nucleations. As the progression of the molecular cloud becoming a nebula, further in the nucleation stage, and still further rapid phase of the nucleation sucking the mass of molecular cloud and nebulae around it, the accelerated phase towards the protostar, the gravity well increases in depth and narrows progressively, resulting in mass density increase to become the protostar.

Starting as individual atoms of hydrogen, with insignificant extremely shallow gravity wells, the hydrogen atoms accumulate in successive steps and the phases of the formation of the protostar, gravity well depth, and mass density get to an irreversible pathway to becoming a protostar, and further a burning star, which at its core subtends an extremely narrow and deep gravity well.

This powerful gravity well at the very core of the star is actually the foundry to make helium from hydrogen, by fusing the two protons from two separate nuclei into a singular nucleus of two protons, with the two electrons finally orbiting the new helium nucleus.

It is also important to note that this gravity well foundry and other outer core areas within the stellar size gravity well makes it very difficult for the released electromagnetic waves, including light photons and also neutrinos, as in the case of our Sun, to escape from its gravity grip. The light photons and the neutrinos take a long time to escape the grip of the stellar grade gravity well. Both the light photons and the neutrinos will not be traveling at their normal speeds that they do in free space. Only after a struggle against the grip of the gravity well and delay, do the light photons emerge out as light waves. Inside the gravity well the light is only a photon particle, not a wave. Only after it emerges out of the star, do photons get their “wings” as a light wave. Similar struggles are true for the neutrinos. However, the neutrinos with no charge can escape from the gravity well faster than the light photons. Once the light photons are released into the free space, they are faster as light waves compared to the neutrinos in the free space.

It is also important to note that the gravity wells when in motion in the 3D space create gravity valleys along the path of travel. It is also important to understand that every object, very small elementary particle to galactic size, is in motion, never steady and stationary, under the continuous influence of its surrounding objects, always moving, thus gravity wells are traversing the 3D space in time, charting a gravity valley. The gravity valleys merge to create deeper and wider gravity valleys. In reality, there are now gravity wells, but only gravity valleys.